to 84.2?F. These performance specifications must be met regardless of the recommendations listed in the tables. Labelling of the cages 7. 1977 Dec;6(12):543-5. The Guide is written for a diverse group of users, and its guidelines are intended to be applied to many species of animals in varied settings, types of institutions, and uses. . [National Research Council (U.S.). There has been a concerted effort, first by the Animal Care Panel and later by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), to appoint unbiased, objective, balanced, expert committees. The public’s interest in the treatment of laboratory animals and lobbying by animal welfare and antivivisection organizations has led to the passage of many of these laws and regulations during the second half of the 20th century. The purpose of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (the Guide), as expressed in the charge to the Committee for the Update of the Guide, is to assist institutions in caring for and using animals in ways judged to be scientifically, technically, and humanely appropriate. It is organized around major components of animal use: The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals provides a framework for the judgments required in the management of animal facilities—a resource of proven value, now updated and expanded. Previous Guides provided no instruction about this important issue. Search for other works by this author on: Consortium for Developing a Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching, Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching, Occupational Health and Safety in the Care and Use of Research Animals, Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, 6th ed. The importance of intraspecies separation is stressed when sources differ in pathogen status. Each committee has been charged with the task of formulating appropriate guidelines, taking into consideration such critical factors as species of animals, research uses of animals, settings in which animals are used, necessary resources, and ethical considerations. Laboratory animal care and use is a complex subject. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals , 7th ed, 1996, National Academy Press, 125 p, ISBN 0-309-05377-3. Marilyn J. Committee on the Use of Laboratory Animals in Biomedical and Behavioral Research. In addition to commercially prepared and usually pelleted natural ingredient diets of varying specification (eg, quality control and assurance of ingredients), semisynthetic or completely synthetic diets and all-liquid preparations can be formulated for use in certain kinds of research. The purpose of the Guide, as expressed in the charge to the Committee to Revise the Guide, is to assist institutions in caring for and using animals in ways judged to be scientifically, technically, and humanely appropriate. Emptying of bedding in animal rooms is not specifically prohibited. A Behavioral Management section has been added and includes and expands discussion of activity and social environment and adds a section on structural environment. Housing systems such as ventilated caging and isolators are mentioned, and it is emphasized that these systems may require different husbandry practices. Air filtration and air pressure differential are recommended for certain areas. The Guide often makes general recommendations, the details of which must be addressed locally with specific standard operating procedures, decisions by animal care personnel and users, and institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC) approvals. Previous Guides were excellent documents for their times, have served us well, and are tributes to the leadership and vision of early writers. Activity is defined not only in terms of motor activity (exercise) but in terms of cognitive activity and opportunities for social interaction. Animals used in either biomedical or agricultural research may be housed in cages or stalls or in paddocks or pastures. Some additional discussion and information are provided on water treatment. Kohn Fluid 2. More criteria are provided with which to evaluate performance and outcomes of sanitation processes. The ’96 Guide still recognizes 5 functional components of aseptic surgery: surgical support, animal preparation, surgeon's scrub, operating room, and postoperative recovery. Authors should note this information is available from source laboratories and animal vendors. You may request permission to: For most Academic and Educational uses no royalties will be charged although you are required to obtain a license and comply with the license terms and conditions. An uncorrected copy, or prepublication, is an uncorrected proof of the book. The recommended temperature range for rabbits has been increased to 72?F, recognizing the difficulty for many institutions in meeting previous guidelines and the ability of the animals to adapt to these slightly higher temperatures. The new version of the Guide with about 200 pages suggests the minimum standards and offers numerous recommendations in this field. Overall, the chapter on veterinary medical care reflects the same underlying principles of the 1985 Guide . The Guide has broader and more universal use than just by AWA and OPRR regulated institutions. The Guide is a consensus document resulting from the discussions and decisions of a committee composed of individuals with differing ideas, perspectives, and approaches. This type of housing might be considered a form of restraint, necessitating justification, consideration of the experimental protocol, and provision for exercise. Environment, housing, and management related decisions are the responsibility of the 1ACUC, the veterinarian, and the investigator. IACUCs and animal care personnel are given discretion in deciding how best to satisfy those duties. Unusual or unique needs arise that cannot be foreseen or addressed in a document like the Guide that must have general applicability. For example, while some data is available on a given topic involving very specific circumstances applicable only to a very limited set of research settings, its application to general guidelines for all research settings could be problematic. 1. Prior Guides were more comprehensive, and the recommendations were more extensive and thorough than previous AWRs. It has been developed by the scientific community as a part of a self-governance strategy rather than as a regulatory or policy document of the government. It would be possible to combine the 2 Guides since they have some common goals and features, but there would still need to be different objectives and different recommendations for animals in different settings. In this course, which is approved by the Dutch government, you learn how to use the 3Rs (replace, reduce and refine) when setting up and carrying out animal experiments. The characteristics of techniques and procedures that are appropriate for rodents and farm animals are explained in greater detail than in the ’85 Guide, again, with an emphasis on the importance of outcomes related to animal well-being. animal entirely depend almost entirely on a. the care b. humanity c. watchfulness of the staff of the animal house. The IACUC is now charged with establishing a mechanism for receipt and review of concerns involving the care and use of animals at the institution. The ’96 Guide provides a bit more guidance on the need for an alternative or emergency power supply in the event of power failure. We relied on scientific literature (assisted by the bibliographic search services of the Animal Welfare Information Center) in our deliberations. The recommendations are based on published data, scientific principles, expert opinion, and experience with methods and practices that have proved to be consistent with high-quality, humane animal care and use. The Guide is also intended to assist investigators in fulfilling their obligation to plan and conduct animal experiments in accord with the highest scientific, humane, and ethical principles. Guidelines on food and fluid restriction have been added. The use of animals in experimental research parallels the development of medicine, which had its roots in ancient Greece. , Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. ; Institute of Medicine (U.S.);] Jo Ann D. The Committee also recognized that apes have specific needs that were not met by the groupings in the previous Guide . Therefore, these decisions should be made locally by the IACUC. Therefore, the Guide for laboratory animals encompasses traditional laboratory settings and farm settings. Attention should be paid to attenuating noise and ultrasonic frequencies generated by equipment, environmental monitoring alarm systems, and public address systems. • Laboratory rats have served as an important animal model for research in psychology, medicine, and other fields. Minimum animal performance criteria for space are provided. Some biomedical studies can be conducted in farm settings, and some agricultural studies need uniform laboratory conditions to minimize environmental variability. The Ag Guide evolved as an alternative to the Guide and ‘is intended to serve agricultural academic institutions and research organizations as a primary reference on the care and use of the major agricultural animal species in the United States in research and teaching that, for reasons of scientific rigor and applicability of results, must be conducted in simulated or actual agricultural production settings. The Directive is firmly based on the principle of the Three Rs, to replace, reduce and refine the use of animals used for scientific purposes. Committees are used so that different ideas and approaches can be presented, discussed, and resolved. Physical plant. This is especially important for animals that exceed maximum weights listed in the tables. Cage space recommendations are no longer presented as absolute or ‘minimum.” The recommendations allow use of professional judgment and performance-based outcomes. Exterior windows are usually inappropriate where temperature cannot be regulated properly because of heat gain or loss through the windows, where photoperiod is an important consideration, or if there is a security concern. . An important objective of the Committee when addressing protocols was to make clear that the IACUC has both local authority and responsibility for monitoring and oversight of proper care, use, and humane treatment of animals at its institution. Ten to 15 years have now elapsed. Reports typically include findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committee’s deliberations. Sarah Op StudeerSnel vind je alle samenvattingen, oude tentamens, college-aantekeningen en … . It is also recommended that doors be designed to be opened from the inside without a key. JACEP. The care and use of animals evoke strong emotions and opinions. Gwathmey Textured surfaces are suggested in some high moisture areas and for some species (such as farm animals). Unfortunately, in many areas of the Guide, objective peer-reviewed data to substantiate specific practices may be lacking, contradictory, or ambiguous. The increasing demand for high-standard animal models, together with a critical view of the way animals The ’96 Guide applies to all animals, including farm animals, used in biomedical research. (Single copies available from ILAR, 2101 Constitution Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20418, Tel: 202-334-2590, Fax: 202-334-1687, e-mail: ilar@nas.edu . These topics have been expanded to include the use of transponders for identification, computerized record keeping, detail on the suggested content of individual records, and information on transgenic animals. In updating the guidelines the Committee spent considerable effort to add explanatory material including references to assist the reader in understanding the rationale behind recommendations thereby making it easier to apply them in specific settings. The specific recommendation for pitch of floors was discontinued in lieu of a recommendation that floors be sloped for drainage. Benefits, limitations, and specific considerations for these types of housing situations are discussed. Much of the information in earlier guidelines was based on experience, professional judgment, and arbitrary decisions rather than objective peer-reviewed data. For information on how to request permission to translate our work and for any other rights related query please click here. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Also, users, IACUCs, animal care givers, and producers must use professional judgment in making specific decisions regarding animal care and use. Institutional policies and responsibilities. It needs to, as many health challenges still remain unmet. This section has been expanded to emphasize the importance of being able to recognize clinical signs of pain in various species and selecting the appropriate analgesic for specific protocol needs. Three documents affect the conduct of animal care and use: the Guide, the Animal Welfare Regulations or AWRs (9 CFR 1-3), and the Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals or PHS Policy ( PHS 1986 ). The importance of IACUC oversight in implementing the Guide is stressed, regardless of the institution's regulatory requirements (such as animal species and funding source). The first Guide was published in 1963; the first AWA regulations were released in 1966; and the first National Institutes of Health (later PHS) policy was issued in 1971. The frequency and intensity of sanitation may vary in different settings based on numerous factors including the housing systems or experimental protocols. Individual situations may differ. Derrell Clark Litter 5. The ’96 Guide is not in strict compliance with either. Since 1961, the process of developing the Guide has been independent of governmental influence. In the ’96 GuideTemperature and Humidity Control and Ventilation are combined in 1 section. Nevertheless, much of the material from the ’85 Guide has been retained. Conversely, performance standards are outcome oriented. References have been updated and some areas have been expanded. This approach necessitates a focus on animal well-being and development or definition of appropriate assessment criteria for specific situations. Investigators using laboratory animals must comply with the following: Investigators must file a protocol application form with the A-PLAC for prospective review and approval of all activities involving the use of laboratory animals. In addition, floor area and cage height alone might not completely determine the physical space requirements of the animals. This section also addresses the importance of supervisors understanding that some employees and students can experience psychological difficulties when involved with euthanizing animals. The ’96 Guide expands space needs to include areas for care, sanitation, storage, and staff training. The Physical Plant chapter of the ’96 Guide includes a recommendation that effective planning and design should include input from personnel experienced with animal facility design and operation, and representative users of the proposed facility. Use of laboratory animals in biomedical and behavioral research. Animal studies continue to play an invaluable role in meeting these challenges – both in experimental research, and in ensuring maximum safety of treatments before their use in humans, which is legally required. Bayne The ’96 Guide is the 7th edition. The chapter contents have been reorganized or expanded into sections on physical environment, behavioral management, husbandry, and population management. In animal experiments the well-being of laboratory animals is most important. This item is available to borrow from 1 library branch. Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study. This newly titled section includes information previously provided on identification, records, genetics, and nomenclature. Robb Metric dimensions for space have been omitted. Baldwin The Committee considered 2 factors in dealing with this issue. A brief statement describing the legislative controls on animal care and use should be provided. Not all possible topics are listed, and the list is not meant to be all-inclusive. Because guidelines for animal care and use with broad applicability are needed, the Guide often makes general recommendations, the details of which must be addressed locally with specific standard operating procedures, decisions by animal care personnel and users, and institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC) approvals. It is meant to serve as an independent reference for the care and use of agricultural animals just as the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals ( NRC 1985 ) has served users of animals in biomedical research and teaching” ( Consortium for Developing a Guide 1988 ). The ’96 Guide allows temperature and humidity ranges to be modified for acclimated species in sheltered or outdoor facilities. Ransom L. The OH&SP recommendations reflect the new ILAR document Occupational Health and Safety in the Care of Research Animals (NRC in press). Effective sanitation can be achieved with the appropriate combination of temperature and time of exposure of the surfaces, with actual temperature varying from 143-180?F or more as a function of time. The roles and responsibilities for various institutional functions and activities in OH&SP are identified. The guidelines on temperature and humidity are essentially the same with 2 exceptions. Newer caging systems, such as those with forced ventilation of the primary enclosure and those with static conditions (filtered tops), are addressed. Expansion of the groups for larger monkeys (groups 6 and 7) took into consideration the needs of large macaques and baboons. To purchase multiple copies ($6.50 for 2-9 copies; $5.95 for 10 or more copies) contact the National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Ave, NW, Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20005. It is recommended that the HVAC system be designed for reliability, ease of maintenance, and energy conservation. Sharing of cleaning utensils between rooms is no longer specifically discouraged, recognizing that they may be shared in areas that pose similar risk of contamination. The committee identifies design and construction issues, providing guidelines for animal-room doors, drainage, noise control, surgery, and other areas. As a courtesy, if the price increases by more than $3.00 we will notify you. The National Academies Press and the Transportation Research Board have partnered with Copyright Clearance Center to offer a variety of options for reusing our content. The final version of this book has not been published yet. 86-23, US Department of Health and Human Services, Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, [PL 99-158, Health Research Extension Act, 1985], University of California, Davis, California, Association for Accreditation and Assessment of Laboratory Animal Care, University of Texas M.D. 3. The ’96 Guide Committee did not deliberate in a vacuum. The Surgery section is expanded to include the importance of presurgical planning, personnel training, aseptic and surgical technique, animal well-being, and the physiologic status of the animal. 32. The space recommendations have been changed from 1 table to 3. We are moving from rigid standards and environments made of stainless steel, concrete, and epoxy paint to a softer approach, which allows some flexibility in standards and focuses on enrichments, animal comfort, and behavior-compatible conditions within the limits of the experimental design. . Ltd. cordially invites you for joining in a one-day webinar on the “Use of laboratory animals for biomedical research”. The. The components of an effective veterinary medical care program were expanded to include management of protocol-associated disease, disability, or other procedure associated sequelae and assessments of animal well-being. It was recognized that employee participation in the OH&SP should not be based solely on the frequency or duration of animal contact. This performance approach is desirable because many variables (such as the species and previous history of the animals, facilities, expertise of personnel, and research goals) often make the engineering approach impractical or unwarranted. For example, in the ’85 Guide space recommended for animals weighing up to 15-20 kg were adequate for young or adult monkeys, but were not sufficient for young apes. There is a broader range of topics that should be considered in preparation and review of protocols. Tel: 202-334-3313 or 800-624-6242. Quarantine, Stabilization, and Separation has been expanded and updated. a synopsis of training or instruction in the humane practice of animal care and use, as well as training or instruction in research or testing methods that minimize the number of animals required to obtain valid results and minimize animal distress, offered to scientists, animal technicians, and other personnel involved in animal care, treatment, or use; It has been suggested that the Guide and Ag Guide be combined. Bezig met 0103-0004 Use of Laboratory Animals in Biomedical Research aan de Tel Aviv University? Directive 2010/63/EU Directive 2010/63/EU revising Directive 86/609/EEC on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes was adopted on 22 September 2010. They are, however, a reminder to attending veterinarians and IACUCs that protocol-associated factors affecting the health and well-being of animals are key components for evaluation, monitoring, and veterinary care. It is estimated that 50 to 100 million vertebrate animals worldwide — from zebrafish to non-human primates — are used annually. Most research involving laboratory animals is funded by the United States National Institutes of Health or, to lesser extents, other federal agencies. It might be an acceptable sole means of evaluation in situations such as farm animal or other outdoor settings but not in more conventional laboratory animal settings. Regardless of the category of research, institutions are expected to provide oversight of all research animals and ensure that their pain and distress are minimized. Goals of maximizing species-specific behaviors and minimizing stress-induced behaviors are emphasized. Cage heights were also adjusted for the use of vertical space by younger apes. Laboratory Animals: Regulations and Recommendations for the Care and Use of Animals in Research, Second Edition, is the only publication to offer a global compilation of standards on the care, welfare and use of animals in research. References on noise have been updated, and radios and other noise generators are discouraged unless they are part of the protocol or an enrichment program. . Animal care and use have been moving toward the performance-based approach for years. If you have access to a journal via a society or association membership, please browse to your society journal, select an article to view, and follow the instructions in this box. Performance standards define outcomes and provide criteria for assessing the outcomes but do not limit the methods by which the outcomes can be achieved. Discussion of the physical environment begins with definitions of microenvironment and macroenvironment. Judith K. More than 400,000 copies have been distributed since it was first published, and it is widely accepted as a primary reference on animal care and use. J. The Guide is written for a diverse group of national and international institutions and organizations, and its guidelines are applied to many species of animals in varied settings, types of institutions, and uses (for example, facilities can range from a Biosafety Level 4 containment facility to a farm pasture). The section on sanitation has been reorganized and expanded. For commonly used farm animals specific recommendations are given for individually housed animals, recognizing that the previous Guide did not address this specifically. Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs) are centrally important in applying laws about animal research in the United States. VandeBerg No. We will not charge you for the book until it ships. Orville A. Procedures such as embryo transfer and various means to physically separate incoming animals (such as ventilated racks, isolators, and cubicles) to ensure that pathogens are not introduced into existing colonies are included. . There are specific recommendations for rodent and farm animal surgical facilities. The eBook is optimized for e-reader devices and apps, which means that it offers a much better digital reading experience than a PDF, including resizable text and interactive features (when available). Gonder The importance of proper installation of flooring is emphasized. Animal environment, husbandry, and management. Other aspects of the physical environment have changed very little. Presently, 10-12 millions of vertebrate animals are used per year within EU Member States. . The use of animals for research and testing purposes has decreased substantially during the last two decades but is now increasing again, mainly because of the increased use of transgenic animal models. You can help stop this. The NAS uses a ‘peer” process allowing the scientific community considerable input into animal care and use and self-governance via the Guide . Responsibilities of institutional officials, institutional animal care and use committees, investigators, and veterinarians are discussed in each chapter. Accessory water sources in outdoor environments are recognized. If the price decreases, we will simply charge the lower price.Applicable discounts will be extended. It presents a major transition from engineering to performance standards. An ebook is one of two file formats that are intended to be used with e-reader devices and apps such as Amazon Kindle or Apple iBooks. Each report has been subjected to a rigorous and independent peer-review process and it represents the position of the National Academies on the statement of task. Accordingly, the revised Guide emphasizes the institution's responsibility to prepare IACUC members by providing ‘suitable orientation, background materials, access to appropriate resources, and, if necessary, specific training...” Another institutional responsibility is the conduct of an occupational health and safety program. The Guide and the Ag Guide have different objectives. The Guide incorporates recent research on commonly used species, including farm animals, and includes extensive references. Sections on sheltered or outdoor housing and naturalistic environments have been added. Diet 3. Historically, we think it will be viewed as a ‘watershed” Guide in the conversion from engineering to performance standards. The reference to substantial animal contact of previous Guides has been omitted. Table of contents for Laboratory Animals, 54, 6, Dec 01, 2020. The role and responsibilities of IACUCs were updated and expanded to more accurately reflect contemporary views and to approximate the AWRs and PHS Policy . 2010. It is noted that brief, frequent, and moderate fluctuations in temperature and humidity are tolerated by most species. Patterns of animal use --Benefits derived from the use of animals --Alternative methods in biomedical and behavioral research --Regulatory issues --Use of pound animals. Some aspects of recent Guides have changed very little from earlier editions. The ’96 Guide has been updated with regard to regulatory compliance, state-of-the-art techniques and equipment, and consideration of new scientific data. There was a diligent effort to make certain that comments applied to farm animals or, if not, to state an exception. In addition, the Guide has been used as a reference in other countries. Additional information and references are provided on the effects of lighting on animals. Other criteria and methodologies for determining, more accurately, the ventilation needs of animals under different situations are provided. The 2 latter documents differ somewhat regarding IACUC composition, duties, and responsibilities. Exterior windows are not excluded a priori as they may be useful as a form of environmental enrichment for some animals. . The definition of laboratory animals has been expanded from warm-blooded vertebrates to include all vertebrates. In the ’96 Guide there is added narrative stating that aseptic surgery should accommodate the species and complexity of the surgery. The information offered in the Guide is state of the art and based primarily on scientific findings and performance standards. Thus, in addition to clarifying institutional and IACUC responsibilities in Chapter 1, the Committee considered it important to reaffirm that IACUCs have discretionary authority to judge and decide how best to meet their obligations in their particular environment. ), J. Derrell Clark, Gerald F. Gebhart, Janet C. Gonder, Michale E. Keeling, Dennis F. Kohn, The 1996 Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, ILAR Journal, Volume 38, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 41–48, https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar.38.1.41. Stress and injury to animals Guide included a temperature range of topics that should be paid to attenuating noise ultrasonic. Information offered in the past decade, the concept of cumulative heat is introduced of! And humidity are essentially the same with 2 exceptions a broader range of 64.4?.! $ 3.00 we will not charge you for joining in a vacuum activity and environment! Guide includes a recommendation that floors be sloped for drainage the risks posed than. 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