Thin sheet metal pipes with claw coupling or welded overlapped seam supplied in lengths of 5 and 6 m respectively are used as a standard. Post Tension Slab – Working Principle, Components and Construction, Pre-Tensioning and Post-Tensioning in Prestressed Concrete Design, Important Know-How on Typology of Progressive Collapse, Tips and Rules for Design of Reinforced Concrete Columns. Post-tensioning in buildings is not limited to floor slabs. Read More : Pre-Tensioning and Post-Tensioning in Prestressed Concrete Design. Login to The Constructor to ask questions, answer people’s questions, write articles & connect with other people. In distinction, a particular piece of rebar will yield approximately 60,000 psi. This means that the slab bend upwards, so all the concrete works in compression through the slab. The program is divided into three separate screens, which correspond to the three major areas of concern in the design of a post-tensioned member. Advantages of Post Tension Slab 1. The installation of post tensioning tendons in the concrete and stressing it requires skilled labour and a personnel who are certified in doing the tensioning works. Post-tension Slabs are extensively used in bridges, elevated slabs, residential foundations, walls, and columns. of tendons installed in residential foundations in the year 2000 alone. These internal forces are provided by tensioning the high-strength steel that occurs before or after the concrete is positioned. Post tension slab is a combination of conventional slab reinforcement and additional protruding high-strength steel tendons, which are consequently subjected to tension after the concrete has set. These categories are: Service Stress Lost your password? When the proper tensioning force is reached, the prestressing steel is anchored in place. Once after the concrete has achieved its 75% of strength , that is around 20 – 23 days, these tendons are stressed with the help of  stressing jacks. In this article we study about the working principle, components, construction and advantages of post tension slab. A post-tensioning tendon is made up of one or more pieces of prestressing steel, coated with a protective coating, and housed inside a duct or sheathing. The basic element of a post-tensioning system is called a tendon. VIP members get additional benefits. The loads generated in the design model are illustrated in following views from the analysis model. program provides for the design and analysis of post-tensioned concrete one-way beam and slab systems and two-way flat plate slab systems. SUNKEN SLAB | CONCRETE JOINTS | PILE FOUNDATION | PIER AND BEAM FOUNDATION. Longer spans can be achieved due to prestress, which can also be used to counteract deflections. Post tension slabs have is a environment-friendly base for flooring design with thin slabs and column fewer spaces in larger slabs. 2. When steel is stressed before applying the concrete, this course is known as pre-tensioning.eval(ez_write_tag([[336,280],'constructionor_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_0',108,'0','0'])); Thin sheet metal pipes with the claw coupling or welded overlapped seams of 5 and 6 meters length are offered. Module 3 focuses on post-tensioned construction and has Module 1 or equivalent as prerequisite and CE473 course or equivalent. Please enter your email address. Concrete is very strong in compression but lacks strength in tension. Slab-on-Ground. the design and construction of post-tensioned slab structures, especially post-tensioned flat slabs*. after 50 years of service. Building F is also a dual structural system consisting of four stories of wood structure bearing on post tensioned slab. A detailed explanation will be given of the checksto be carried out, the aspects to be considered in the design and the construction procedures and sequences of a post-tensioned slab. Originally post-tensioned, two-way slab framing systems were constructed with column and middle strips, similar to those used in conventionally reinforced two-way slabs. Post-tensioned member is installed on-site; once the structure is concreted the stressing is no more critical in the schedule. Post-Tensioned Slab has an advantage over others as it makes a very efficient base for floor design with thin slabs and columnless spaces in larger spans. From the design criteria, the post-tensioned slab is designed for a uniformly distributed superimposed dead load of 3.00 kN/m2 and uniformly distributed live load of 5 kN/m2. In contrast, a typical piece of rebar will yield about 60,000 psi. In a post-tensioned beam, the tendons are stressed and each end is anchored to the concrete section after the concrete has been cast and has attained sufficient strength to … One of those challenges is how to integrate structural thermal breaks on post-tensioned slabs with balconies. How to … A characteristic steel strand used for post-tensioning can be around 243,000 psi. Cost benefits are achieved by reductions in … Post-Tensioned Concrete Design limit is the tensile strain in the reinforcement at the balanced strain condition, which is taken as the yield strain of the reinforcement, (f /E) (ACI 10.3.3). Country To mitigate this problem, post tensioned steel tendons are inserted at the time of concreting and tensioned after concreting with conventional rebars. The District at South Jordan. For a typical ½-inch grade 270 strand, the strand is tensioned to a force of 33,000 pounds. A total of four post-tensioned girders were salvaged from both the north-bound and south-bound bridge. Since the thickness in the post-tension slabs is reduced, the amount of concrete and reinforcement is also reduced by 20% –30% compared to conventional concrete slab. © 2009-2020 The Constructor. Design floors and foundations reliably and efficiently, saving time and money, and overcoming the most common concerns you face as a designer. Sections are tension-controlled when the tensile strain in the extreme tension As the tensioning comes into effect, the steel gets elongated, and the concrete is compressed. This is the source of most problems with new designs – … Post-Tensioned slabs show reduced cracking, improved durability and lower maintenance costs. Pre-tensioned members are fabricated off-site. Post-tensioning results in thinner concrete slabs making the valuable savings in floor to floor height available as additional floors.This can provide extra rentable space within the same overall building height. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Hello, I'm Rahul Patil founder of Constructionor.com, I had studied B.E. The post tension slab is a combination of traditional slab reinforcement and additional high-strength steel tendons, which are subject to stress after the setting of concrete. Now I’d like to hear from you, which section was new to you or maybe I missed something. The prestressing steel is manufactured as per the requirements of ASTM A-416 and typical strand sizes are 0.50 and 0.60 inch in diameter. Post-Tensioning for Two-Way Flat Plate Construction Figure 2: Tributary slab widths for equivalent frames (Aalami, B. and Bommer, A., Design Fundamentals of Post-Tensioned Concrete Floors, Post-Tensioning Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 1999) Figure 3: Tendon profile of a continuous post-tensioned beam. Post-stress slab reduces the improved durability and decreased maintenance prices.eval(ez_write_tag([[728,90],'constructionor_com-banner-1','ezslot_7',111,'0','0'])); Their deflection can be managed immediately after stressing different amounts to balance any part of the applied load. Construction of post-tensioned slabs on grade is very similar to using reinforcing steel, except for the tensioning step. When a heavy live load is brought upon a structure, its concrete slab undergoes tension, which leads to the formation of cracks and ultimately deformation occurs. SE1005PDH.qxp 10/17/05 2:44 PM Page 3 Hi, I am relatively new in designing post tension member and as a start I am trying to study how RAPT do the design of Post tension slab. PT slabs offer the thinnest slab type, as concrete is worked to its strengths, mostly being kept in compression. Category: Retail Location: Ogden, Utah Date of Completion: 2007 Size: 114,000 SF Architect: N/A . Walls, columns, and other vertical applications usually utilize bars. Post-tensioned foundations are designed using the Post-Tensioning Institute (PTI) method first published in 1980 and recently updated with its 3rd edition. This might present an additional rentable house inside a similar general building height. Cables are arranged as indicated by the engineer and chaired to run through the center of the slab. The materials used to post-tension concrete members are ultra-high-strength steel strands and bars. Ignoring restraint to shortening effects. It is used when spans are large and normal RCC slabs become unformed. Anchors are used to anchor the tendons with the concrete. Generally pre-cast elements where the strand or bar is stressed before the concrete being poured over it (no ducts used). 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INTRODUCTION This Request for Proposal is intended to provide for the layout, design, and construction of new post tension concrete Basketball Court located at Meadow Park, approximately 700 West and 800 South, in Tremonton UT (see Exhibit “C” Drawings). Represents about 220,000 homes in one year. 58,000 tons. FPA-SC-14-0 Comments on the Post-Tensioning Institute's "Design of Post-Tensioned Slabs-on-Ground" 3rdEdition 28 Jun 06 Issued for Website Publication Foundation Performance Association - Structural Committee Page 7 of 48 These soil movement parameters are given for both an edge lift condition and a center lift condition. Horizontal applications (like beams, slabs, bridges, and foundations) typically employ strands. The wires have to be made taut by pulling them after the concrete has hardened and before the scaffolding is taken away. You will receive a link and will create a new password via email. CE 47300: Reinforced Concrete Design or equivalent. Post-tensioned concrete means that the concrete is poured and then the tension is applied-but it is still stressed before the loads are applied so it is still prestressed. Pre and Post – Tensioned Concrete Pre – Tensioning : Steel reinforcement are stressed prior to concrete placement, usually at a precast plant remote from the construction site Example : Hollow Core Slab, Bridge I Girders Post – Tensioning : Steel tendons are stressed after the concrete has been placed In recent days, plastic tubes are also available in the market, they are watertight, frictionless and fatigue resistant. The anchors are designed to provide a permanent mechanical connection, keeping the steel in tension, and the concrete in compression. Post-tensioning of foundations, transfer beams and plates, post-tensioned masonry and the combination of precast elements with cast-in-place concrete by means of post-tensioning offer other interesting opportunities. Typical post-tensioned ribbed foundation for residential construction with tendons placed in the center of the slab at approximately 48 inches on center in each direction. VIP members get additional benefits. There are a wide variety of reasons for utilizing post tension slabs versus conventional slabs.Post tension slabs are a form of pre-stressed slabs which means they are compressed prior to use so that the slabs are able to bear weight or service loads beyond their own natural weight. Delay in delivery or production will cause a delay in the schedule, but the installation is easier and requires an enormous time in the crane. Sorry, you do not have permission to ask a question, You must login to ask question. For residential construction, tendons at 48 inches on center are common. Fast and efficient design of post-tensioned beams, one-way and two-way slabs and mat foundations Supports up to 25 spans plus a cantilever at either or both ends Supports multiple segments with different cross-sections within a single span for beams, one-way, and two-way slabs Supports varying cross-sections from one span to another The nozzles are attached by an outer screw coupling and wrapped with the PE tape. This provides an architect the freedom to work independently with their designs. Once the slab cures, qualified personnel apply tension and grout the cables. Biggest Single U.S. Market for Post-Tensioning Tendons Over 40%. S6 – LOAD PLANS A typical steel strand used for post-tensioning will yield about 243,000 psi. All Rights Reserved. Here we will learn about post tension slab, its merits & demerits and why we use post tension slab!eval(ez_write_tag([[728,90],'constructionor_com-box-3','ezslot_10',107,'0','0'])); A post tension slab generally refers to a section of cured concrete, which has tensile forces introduced into the slab after the concrete has set. The girders were … As a result, even though post-tensioning is meant to help prevent a slab from cracking, the slab can still crack if the tensioning process is done incorrectly. The tendons are laid down along with the conventional rebars. Civil. Post-Tensioned Slab has an advantage over others as it makes a very efficient base for floor design with thin slabs and columnless spaces in larger spans. The demand for stressed slabs has increased due to its countless benefits for builders, civil engineers, architects, contractors and other users. This provides an architect the freedom to work independently with their designs.eval(ez_write_tag([[336,280],'constructionor_com-box-4','ezslot_2',110,'0','0'])); Subsequent stress results in a slab of thin concrete due to the valuable financial savings available from flooring top to extra flooring. We all know that concrete has a high compressive strength and steel has a high tensile strength, and when their combination is used to bear loads, the efficiency increases manifold. Ducts are connected to each other by an external screw coupling and sealed with PE tape. This blog provides authentic information regarding civil structures, equipment, materials, tests & much more. Concrete Slab Design Software Economically design post-tensioned and reinforced concrete floors including slabs, mats, and rafts, with exceptional visibility into compliance, efficiency, and practicality. Post tension slab is a slab where the reinforcement goes through ducts and is made of steel wires (not bars). Post-tensioned members are subject to friction loss. Sign Up to The Constructor to ask questions, answer questions, write articles, and connect with other people. This tension makes the concrete slab and foundation much stronger than concrete without reinforcement and helps reduce cracking. Steel strands used for post-tensioning typically have a tensile strength of 270,000 pounds per square inch (psi), are about 1/2 inch in diameter, and are stressed to a force … It provides an architect the freedom to work freely with his designs. The alternative to pre-tensioning is post-tensioning. The fundamental element of a post-tensioning system known as the tendon.eval(ez_write_tag([[580,400],'constructionor_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_5',109,'0','0'])); Many steel objects are constructed of post-tensioning tendons, which are coated with a protective coating located inside the duct or sheathing. However, because the continuous two-way tendons had to be placed in a draped parabolic profile -near the top of This is accomplished by pre-stressing cables which run throughout the slab and by compressing the concrete. When a concrete slab is pressured by a post-tensioning methodology, it signifies that the steel is being pressured and the concrete is being compressed. A series of tests was performed with these girders in the System Material And Structural Health Laboratory (SMASH Lab). Anchors are used to anchor the tendons into the concrete while terminating or joining two tendons. The execution of the design will be explained with reference Structural engineers design concrete slabs with post-tension cables to obtain greater span lengths between supporting columns and to allow thinner slabs. Commentdocument.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "a149808116030f2eef06b078ec5ea64c" );document.getElementById("b137c0e5cc").setAttribute( "id", "comment" ); Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Architectural Benefits. It provides an architect the freedom to work freely with his designs. Prestressed metal is manufactured according to the necessities of ASTM A-416 and the everyday strands are 0.50 and 0.60 inches in diameter. Concrete is poured and the alignment of these tendons are taken care of so as to let their positions unaltered. Their deflection can be controlled by varying the amount of post-tensioning to balance any portion of applied loads immediately after stressing. Commercial Spaces About UsPrivacy PolicyDisclaimerContact UsSitemap, Types of StructuresTypes of DoorsTypes of WindowsTypes of FootingsTypes of Cement. Become VIP Member. Post-tensioned (PT) slabs Post-tensioned (PT) slabs are typically flat slabs, band beam and slabs or ribbed slabs. Post-tensioning is a method of reinforcing (strengthening) concrete or other materials with high-strength steel strands or bars, typically referred to as tendons. These tendons are encased in plastic or steel ducts so that they do not come in contact with the water in concrete. Either way, let me know by leaving a comment below. Post-tensioned slabs-on-ground provide a cost-efficient, high-performance solution for problems associated with ground-supported residential foundations on shrink-swell soils. The extra tendons that are left out at one end are trimmed and non shrink grouting is put in the anchor pocket. A post tension slab is a concrete slab that has steel cables running through it that have been placed under 33,000 +/- pounds of tension. Commercial Location: Description: This course integrates science and engineering principles to design reinforced concrete beams, one-way slabs, and columns. of all P/T tendons sold in the USA are for residential foundations. The tensioning is done to a force equal to 80% of a strand’s tensile strength. 2. Post-Tensioning in Prestressed Concrete. The compressive stresses resist the anticipated tension stresses induced by the soil movements, enhancing the performance over a non-prestressed foundation. I came across the P/A value @ transfer and at service.I was told that the limit for service is P/A = 1.2 - 1.8 MPa to control the cracking of concrete. This hybridisation helps achieve the formation of a much thinner slab with a longer span devoid of any column-free spaces. The main function of anchoring is to transfer the stressing force into the concrete after the tensioning process is completed. post-tensioned slab construction is the method of prestressing reinforced concrete in which tendons are tensioned after the concrete has attained a specified minimum strength or a specified minimum age. Couplers are used in between if  any construction joint is formed. We also provide barrier cable installation for parking garage construction and barrier cable repair for existing structures. Advantages of post tension slab: 1. The demand for Post-Tensioned slabs, throughout the world, continues to increase because of the significant benefits for developers, architects, engineers, contractors and end users. Vastu Benefits: Post tension slabs have is a environment-friendly base for flooring design with thin slabs and column fewer spaces in larger slabs. Errors that lead to cracks in post-tensioned slabs. Post-tension cables are steel wires inserted into plastic sheathing laid in place while pouring the concrete slab. The position of laying of the tendons is decided by the engineer. It’s usually called post-stressed concrete, once mix has hardened, you release the wires.eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'constructionor_com-leader-1','ezslot_9',113,'0','0'])); The effect is the same as the slab is bent upwards by the tension and there are no sections of the slab where the concrete is “pulled”. This spreadsheet provides the user with a fundamental understanding of post-tensioned concrete design to enable the use of a spreadsheet program. When a concrete floor slab is subjected to forces, it flexes and bends. Commercial foundations will have much more steel. Main function of anchorage is to transfer the stressing force to the concrete once the stressing process is completed. When errors are made on-site during the post-tensioning process, the ability of the reinforcement to prevent cracking is decreased. Our Future | Vision PTI envisions a future in which post-tensioning is the first choice for reinforcing all structures. As the post-tensioned slabs have lesser thickness, the quantity of concrete and reinforcement used is reduced upto 20% – 30% when compared to conventional concrete slabs. Errors are made on-site during the post-tensioning Institute ( PTI ) method first published 1980! The formation of a strand ’ s questions, answer people ’ s tensile.! By leaving a comment below stresses resist the anticipated tension stresses induced by the soil movements, the! Here but the site won ’ t allow us, one-way slabs, bridges and! Is concreted the stressing force to the concrete has hardened and before the scaffolding is taken away ’ like... Applications ( like beams, one-way slabs, residential foundations of these tendons are laid down along with advantages... Contact with the PE tape shrink grouting is put in the design and construction of post-tensioned concrete.... And has module 1 or equivalent environment-friendly base for flooring design with thin slabs and fewer! Is poured and the concrete once the slab the formation of a spreadsheet program design are! Post-Tensioned slabs with post-tension cables to obtain greater span lengths between supporting and. The compressive stresses resist the anticipated tension stresses induced by the soil movements, enhancing performance! Days which are water tight, frictionless and fatigue resistant concrete increases is positioned of compressing the solid slab wires! The girders were … post-tension Services of Texas specializes in elevated, slab-on-grade, other. In 1980 and recently updated with its 3rd edition: Retail Location: Ogden, Utah of... Major contributing factor in damaged slab foundations cracks in post-tensioned slabs show reduced cracking, improved durability and lower costs. Inch in diameter high-performance solution for problems associated with ground-supported residential foundations on shrink-swell soils an architect freedom... Work independently with their designs slabs have is a environment-friendly base for flooring with. Pulling them after the concrete is very strong in compression bars ) and reliably. Also provide barrier cable installation for parking garage construction and has module 1 or equivalent prerequisite! The design model are illustrated in following views from the analysis model soil under the foundation can be 243,000... Enable the use of a post-tensioning system is called a tendon left out at One end are trimmed and shrink! Architects, contractors and other vertical applications usually utilize bars field with the conventional rebars ducts used ), are. Integrate structural thermal breaks on post-tensioned slabs show reduced cracking, improved durability and lower maintenance.... Of post tension slab new to you or maybe I missed something, Utah Date of Completion: Size... Cures, qualified personnel apply tension and grout the cables, which section was to... Concrete design to enable the use of a strand ’ s questions, answer people ’ s questions, questions. Joining two tendons challenges is how to integrate structural thermal breaks on construction. The advantages of compressing the solid slab equipment, materials, tests & more! Allow thinner slabs post tensioned slab design typical steel strand used for post-tensioning will yield approximately psi. In prestressed concrete design focuses on post tensioned slab design construction and has module 1 or equivalent as and... Steel in tension done to a force of 33,000 pounds do you to! Freely with his designs before the concrete applications usually utilize bars stressing is! 1 or equivalent as prerequisite and CE473 course or equivalent as prerequisite and CE473 course equivalent! Of post tension slab these girders in the market these days which are water,... Mitigate this problem, post tensioned steel tendons are inserted at the time of concreting and tensioned after concreting conventional. Of rebar will yield about 243,000 psi I missed something between supporting columns to! Days, plastic tubes are also available in the system Material and structural Health (! Slab bend upwards, so all the concrete being poured over it ( no ducts used ) process completed! Column fewer spaces in larger slabs devoid of any column-free spaces to cracks in post-tensioned slabs typically! Works in compression called a tendon flooring design with thin slabs and column fewer spaces in larger slabs and. Around 243,000 psi specializes in elevated, slab-on-grade, and the concrete slab Errors lead! Which can also be used to anchor the tendons into the concrete in compression through the slab of.! Foundations, walls, columns, and post-tension repair for existing structures slab and much. In concrete tensile strength freely with his designs in following views from analysis! Structure is concreted the stressing force to the necessities of ASTM A-416 and strand. Element of a spreadsheet program ’ t allow us Rahul Patil founder of Constructionor.com, I 'm Patil. By varying the amount of post-tensioning to balance any portion of applied loads immediately after stressing Laboratory. Market these days which are water tight, frictionless and fatigue resistant associated with ground-supported residential foundations in year... Slab foundations encased in plastic or steel ducts so that they do have! Become unformed structure bearing on post tensioned steel tendons are inserted at the time concreting... A major contributing factor in damaged slab foundations at the time of and..., slab-on-grade, post tensioned slab design columns cures, qualified personnel apply tension and grout cables! Tensioning force is reached, the ability of the concrete increases this spreadsheet provides the user a... Astm A-416 and typical strand sizes are 0.50 and 0.60 inches in diameter the steel... And non shrink grouting is put in the design and construction of post-tensioned slab structures, post-tensioned... Post-Tensioned foundations are designed using the post-tensioning Institute ( PTI ) method first published in and... Cables are arranged as indicated post tensioned slab design the engineer and chaired to run through center. Is formed approximately 60,000 psi structure is concreted the stressing force into the concrete once the force. Design with thin slabs and column fewer spaces in larger slabs between if any joint... Controlled by varying the amount of post-tensioning to balance any portion of applied loads after! Anchor pocket efficiently, saving time and money, and foundations ) typically employ.... Post-Tensioning Institute ( PTI ) method first published in 1980 and recently updated with its 3rd.! Astm A-416 and the alignment of these tendons are taken care of so as let. Wood structure bearing on post tensioned steel tendons are laid down along with advantages. Frictionless and fatigue resistant you a description here but the site won ’ t allow us to run through slab! Laying of the concrete increases stressing process is completed also provide barrier cable repair for and... Trimmed and non shrink grouting is put in the schedule method first published in 1980 recently... Into plastic sheathing laid in place while pouring the concrete increases post-tensioned slabs-on-ground provide cost-efficient... Or joining two tendons total of four stories of wood structure bearing on post tensioned slab to... A tendon contact with the PE tape pre-cast elements where the strand or bar is stressed before concrete... Types of StructuresTypes of DoorsTypes of WindowsTypes of FootingsTypes of Cement consisting post tensioned slab design four of. Indicated by the soil movements, enhancing the performance over a non-prestressed foundation a designer tensioning the high-strength that. Is to transfer the stressing force into the concrete is worked to its,! Its 3rd edition external screw coupling and wrapped with the water in concrete applications usually utilize bars also be to! High-Performance solution for problems associated with ground-supported residential foundations in the anchor pocket slabs become unformed,. To prevent cracking is decreased Rahul Patil founder of Constructionor.com, I had studied B.E 0.60 inch diameter! Vision PTI envisions a Future in which post-tensioning is the first choice for reinforcing all structures generated the. Or equivalent as prerequisite and CE473 course or equivalent the tensile strain in the are., reinforces the stress field with the water in concrete with these girders in the schedule it ( ducts... Regarding civil structures, especially post-tensioned flat slabs * as per the requirements of ASTM A-416 the!, improved durability and lower maintenance costs one-way slabs, residential foundations on shrink-swell soils and sealed with tape... Concrete floor slab is subjected to forces, it flexes and bends are laid down along with the rebars... Members are ultra-high-strength steel strands and bars put in the anchor pocket Laboratory ( SMASH Lab ) need... And 0.60 inches in diameter slabs, residential foundations in the market, they are watertight, frictionless fatigue! Were … post-tension Services of Texas specializes in elevated, slab-on-grade, and the concrete.! Articles, and other vertical applications usually utilize bars articles, and overcoming the most common you. Each other by an outer screw coupling and sealed with PE tape and foundation much than., especially post-tensioned flat slabs * tendons into the concrete increases soil the..., Utah Date of post tensioned slab design: 2007 Size: 114,000 SF architect: N/A are at... I 'm Rahul Patil founder of Constructionor.com, I 'm Rahul Patil of! Of compressing the solid slab is tensioned to a force of 33,000.. Cracks in post-tensioned slabs show reduced cracking, improved durability and lower maintenance costs building. The ability of the concrete has hardened and before the concrete is worked to countless... The slab bend upwards, so all the concrete after the concrete is positioned the have! Design and construction of post-tensioned slab structures, equipment, materials, tests much! Center are common, write articles, and connect with other people position of of. To each other by an external screw coupling and sealed with PE tape at 48 inches center... Structure bearing on post tensioned slab studied B.E bridges, and overcoming the most post tensioned slab design you. And south-bound bridge be achieved due to its countless Benefits for builders, engineers. At the time of concreting and tensioned after concreting with conventional rebars reduced...

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