But with all these similarities there are essential differences, due to the place element and the time element. Narrative and Critical History of America, VIII, p.10; Sparks’ Washington Works, IX, pp. From 1850 to 1900, swift and widespread changes transformed the American West. 50. [29] In this connection mention should also be made of the Government military and exploring expeditions in determining the lines of settlement. Scribner’s Statistical Atlas, xxxviii, pl. This was the case from the early colonial days. The peculiarity of American institutions is, the fact that they have been compelled to adapt themselves to the changes of an expanding people—to the changes involved in crossing a continent, in winning a wilderness, and in developing at each area of this progress out of the primitive economic and political conditions of the frontier into the complexity of city life. Compare Wilson, Division and Reunion, pp. ; Benton, Abridgment of Debates, VII, p, 397. The effect of the Indian frontier as a consolidating agent in our history is important. It strips off the garments of civilization and arrays him in the hunting shirt and the moccasin. Everest, in Wisconsin Historical Collections, XII, pp. But when discovery was made of the salt springs of the Kanawha, and the Holston, and Kentucky, and central New York, the West began to be freed from dependence on the coast. Turner, Character and Influence of the Indian Trade in Wisconsin (Johns Hopkins University Studies, Series IX), pp. Compare Roosevelt, Thomas Benton, ch. Taking flocks or furs and ginseng root, the early settlers sent their pack trains after seeding time each year to the coast. It is evident that the farming frontier of the Mississippi Valley presents different conditions from the mining frontier of the Rocky Mountains. (London, 1792); Pope, Tour Through the Southern and Western Territories, etc. It has frequently been asked how such a people could have developed that strained nervous energy now characteristic of them. Thus it became the typically American region. Many were blacks who were attracted to the greater opportunity and freedom from prejudice they hoped to find in the frontier. When you are talking about the western part of America before the twentieth century, you use frontier to refer to the area beyond the part settled by Europeans....a far-flung outpost on the … The land hunger of the Virginians drew them down the rivers into Carolina, in early colonial days; the search for soils took the Massachusetts men to Pennsylvania and to New York. 13. 4, 60, 61; Imlay and Filson, Western Territory of America (London, 1793); Rochefoucault-Liancourt, Travels Through the United States of North America (London, 1799); Michaux’s “Journal,” in Proceedings American Philosophical Society, XXVI, No. Kercheval, History of the Valley; Bernheim, German Settlements in the Carolinas; Winsor, Narrative and Critical History of America, V, p. 304; Colonial Records of North Carolina, IV, p. xx; Weston, Documents Connected with the History of South Carolina, p. 82; Ellis and Evans, History of Lancaster County, Pa., chs. His grandson, Col. A. J. Boone, of Colorado, was a power among the Indians of the Rocky Mountains, and was appointed an agent by the Government. But this legislation was framed under frontier influences, and under the lead of Western statesmen like Benton and Jackson. At max fame, this quest can be flagged after completing just … Loria, Analisi della Proprieta Capitalista, II., p. 15. In the early days, there were few women and little of the social stability that comes with family life. The English, on the contrary, are no sooner in possession of a place than the game is driven away. Mark Twain wrote Roughing It. But the purchase of Louisiana was called out by frontier needs and demands. 25. Governor Spottswood of Virginia writes in 1717, “The inhabitants of our frontiers are composed generally of such as have been transported hither as servants, and, being out of their time, settle themselves where laud is to be taken up and that will produce the necessarys of life with little labour.”36 Very generally these redemptioners were of non-English stock. Why was it that the Indian trader passed so rapidly across the continent? Findley, History of the Insurrection in the Four Western Counties of Pennsylvania in the Year 1,794 (Philadelphia, 1796), p. 35. It can refer to the wilderness at the edge of a settled area (picture covered wagons pushing westward) or it can mean a field of study that has not yet been explored (picture genetically engineering pet dinosaurs). Cols., XI, p. 50; Hinsdale, Old Northwest, p. 121; Burke, “Oration on Conciliation,” Works (1872 ed. Already they have topped the Appalachian mountains. But in the case of the United States we have a different phenomenon. Daily Life on the Frontier. Omitting those of the pioneer farmers who move from the love of adventure, the advance of the more steady farmer is easy to understand. With these peoples were also the freed indented servants, or redemptioners, who at the expiration of their time of service passed to the frontier. What is now a manufacturing State was in an earlier decade an area of intensive farming. There were very few border controls on the south-western frontier. Travelers of the eighteenth century found the “cowpens” among the canebrakes and peavine pastures of the South, and the “cow drivers” took their droves to Charleston, Philadelphia, and New York. Limiting our attention to the Atlantic coast, we have the familiar phenomenon of the evolution of institutions in a limited area, such as the rise of representative government; the differentiation of simple colonial governments into complex organs; the progress from primitive industrial society, without division of labor, up to manufacturing civilization. For 19 months, between Apr. Washington desired to settle a State at a time in the Northwest; Jefferson would reserve from settlement the territory of his Louisiana purchase north of the thirty-second parallel, in order to offer it to the Indians in exchange for their settlements east of the Mississippi. A writer in The Home Missionary (1850), p. 239, reporting Wisconsin conditions, exclaims: “Think of this, people of the enlightened East. Every river valley and Indian trail became a fissure in Indian society, and so that society became honeycombed. Compare Observations on the North American Land Company, London, 1796, pp. The word frontier has different meanings in different countries. There was an army checkpoint at the frontier. 21st Century Webster's Family Encyclopedia21st Century Webster's Family Encyclopedia - Watermelon to Will, Copyright © 2021 Web Solutions LLC. Compare Baily, Tour in the Unsettled Parts of North America (London, 1856), pp. From the first landings in Virginia and Massachusetts in the early 1600's, American settlers kept pushing westward behind an ever moving frontier. Even the New Englander, who was shut out from the frontier by the Middle region, tarrying in New York or Pennsylvania on his westward march, lost the acuteness of his sectionalism on the way.[43]. For example, he may study the origin of our land policies in the colonial land policy; he may see how the system grew by adapting the statutes to the customs of the successive frontiers. The Native Americans occupied the land of the last frontier, presumably protected by treaties, but the treaties gave way to the overwhelming drive for riches, land, and the territorial ambitions of a growing nation-state. Mobility of population is death to localism, and the western frontier worked irresistibly in unsettling population. It is quite immaterial whether he ever becomes the owner of the soil. Another wave rolls on. 4. 7 ff. 13; MacMaster, Hist. The early settlers were tied to the coast by the need of salt, without which they could not preserve their meats or live in comfort. I say this with perfect knowledge, for it has been avowed to me by gentlemen from the West over and over again. It admired tough and independent characters, gamblers who took chances and won, people who knew how to fight for and keep what was theirs. Of rival churches in the back settlements are already little attached to particular situations 1848 ), November,. 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