[75] Houses in Berwick, Morgan City, and Patterson suffered major damage. Hurricane Andrew was a Category 5 Atlantic hurricane that struck the Bahamas and Florida in August 1992. This caused the hurricane to decelerate to the northwest, and winds decreased as Andrew approached the Gulf Coast of the United States. [21][48] In addition, assistance came from Canada, Japan, and the United States, as well as the United Nations. [117], More than 930,000 policyholders in South Florida lost coverage after 11 insurance companies went bankrupt, caused by more than 600,000 insurance claims filed. [2][73] The tornado was on the ground for about 10 minutes, during which it damaged or destroyed 163 structures, leaving 60 families homeless. [27] Government offices and public and private schools were closed from Monroe County northward to St. Lucie County. [55] The storm surge from Andrew caused more than $500 million in losses to boats and buildings. 上陸時にも「カテゴリー5」に分類される強い勢力を誇った 。. [97], Crime, especially looting and theft, rose sharply in the areas south of Miami immediately after Andrew. Additionally, a tornado in Floyd County near Rome snapped and uprooted several trees, damaged several fences and homes, and flipped over a trailer, tossing it on top of four cars. [88], After assessing the devastation in Florida and Louisiana, U.S. President George H. W. Bush initially proposed a $7.1 billion aid package to provide disaster benefits, small-business loans, agricultural recovery, food stamps, and public housing for victims of Hurricane Andrew. Aren't big tropical cyclones also intense tropical cyclones? [95] Lieutenant Governor Buddy MacKay flew over the impact area and described the scene as looking "like a war zone". A survey by Tim Marshall and Richard Herzog of the Haag Engineer Company in Carrollton, Texas, highlighted several construction issues. When Hurricane Andrew roared across South Florida 20 years ago this August, it flattened homes, uprooted trees and destroyed suburban blocks for miles around. [103], The storm struck Florida in the midst of 1992 presidential election campaign. Rainfall in Florida was substantial, peaking at 13.98 inches (355 mm) in western Dade County. The meteorological history of Hurricane Andrew, the strongest tropical cyclone of the 1992 Atlantic hurricane season, lasted from mid to late August 1992. [8] As it crossed over the warm waters of the Gulf Stream, the hurricane rapidly re-intensified as the eye decreased in size and its eyewall convection deepened. [2], Elsewhere, effects were relatively minimal, except in Broward, Monroe, and Collier counties. [35] In New Orleans, Mayor Sidney Barthelemy ordered the evacuation of about 200,000 residents in the low-lying areas of the city. [28] Many colleges and universities in southeast Florida also closed. With 23,000 houses damaged, 985 others destroyed, and 1,951 mobile homes demolished, property losses in Louisiana exceeded $1.5 billion. Despite reconstruction efforts and the small number of resort lodgings affected (around 2%), officials expected a 10–20% decline in tourism. [135] About 1,300 National Guardsmen were deployed to southern Louisiana. [2][56] At the height of the storm, more than 1.4 million people lost electricity and another 150,000 were without telephone service. [81] Much of Mississippi received 3 to 5 in (76 to 127 mm) of rain, while areas near the southwest corner of the state observed over 7 in (180 mm) of precipitation,[84] with a peak of 9.30 in (236 mm) at Sumrall. [2][74], Along the Louisiana coastline, damages largely resembled those of a Category 2 hurricane. However, as Broward County became more crowded, 100,871 people relocated from Broward County to Palm Beach County. [2][58] In addition to homes, the storm damaged or destroyed 82,000 businesses, 32,900 acres (13,300 ha) of farmland, 31 public schools, 59 health facilities/hospitals, 9,500 traffic signals, 3,300 mi (5,300 km) of power lines, and 3,000 watermains. All watches and warnings were discontinued on August 24. [21] A total of 58 shelters were opened at churches, government buildings, and schools. After the initial hurricane watch from Mobile, Alabama, to Sabine Pass, Texas, the watches and warnings were expanded to eventually include areas from Mobile, Alabama, to Freeport, Texas. Additionally, the storm caused severe damage to the sectors of transport, communications, water, sanitation, agriculture, and fishing. One death occurred in the parish due to electrocution. [2] However, a 2004 paper by Christopher Landsea and others concluded that Andrew became a Category 5 hurricane near the Bahamas on August 23 and reached maximum sustained winds of 175 mph (280 km/h). [nb 2][8] Despite its intensity, Andrew was a small tropical cyclone, with winds of 35 mph (56 km/h) extending out only about 90 mi (150 km) from the center. The remnants of Andrew also spawned several tornadoes in Maryland. [2] A total of 800 houses were destroyed, leaving 1,700 people homeless. The hurricane caused the deaths of 17 people in the state, 6 of whom drowned offshore. [57] Approximately 20 million cubic yards (15 million m3) of debris left by the storm were disposed of. [133] FEMA initially opened five field offices throughout Louisiana. One of just three Category 5 … The fourth tropical cyclone, first named storm, and first hurricane of the otherwise inactive season, Andrew developed from a tropical wave over the central Atlantic on August 16. Iberia Parish was also among the most severely impacted parishes. [2] In Collier County, to the north of the storm's path, sustained winds up to 98 mph (158 km/h) were observed in Chokoloskee. Ultimately, the sheer number of evacuees led to likely the largest traffic jam in the history of Florida, mostly along Interstate 95. Winds were generally light in the state, reaching 30 mph (48 km/h) in Port Arthur. [119], In July 1996, Governor Chiles established the Florida Building Codes Study Commission, with the purpose of assessing the building codes at the time, as well as enacting improvements and reform to the system. [124] In Homestead, for example, the Latino population increased from 30% to 45% between 1990 and 2000. John M. Williams, Iver W. Duedall et Fred Doehring (1997). [136] House Resolution 5620 also included disaster aid to the state of Louisiana. For example, several of the victims died of a heart attack induced by the storm. Some FEMA officials responded that it was impossible to respond as they had been requested while also continuing to provide aid for the Los Angeles riots. [83] Additionally, a possible tornado damaged a home and two trailers in Lawrence County. One tornado in Kemper County destroyed a mobile home, while another twister in Lauderdale County demolished a mobile home, damaged five other dwellings, and injured four people. Overall, the parish suffered $125 million in property damage, while an additional $200 million in damage was inflicted on sugar crops. Throughout the basin and Bayou Lafourche, 187 million freshwater fish were killed in the hurricane. [74] Strong winds also left at least 230,000 people without electricity. [137], Hurricane Andrew at peak intensity near the. [2] As Andrew crossed into Mississippi, 3 severe thunderstorm warnings, 21 tornado warnings, and 16 flood warnings were issued. [79] Initially, a production loss of 240,000 to 270,000 barrels per day occurred – approximately one-third of production throughout the Gulf of Mexico. Hurricane Andrew was the strongest and most devastating hurricane on record to hit southern Florida. [8] As the high pressure system to its north weakened, a strong mid-latitude trough approached the area from the northwest. [47] Harbour Island, near Eleuthera, reported wind gusts of 138 mph (222 km/h) – the strongest gust speed observed in the Bahamas during Andrew's passage. The hurricane inflicted around $25 billion in losses to the United States. [121] It phased out local laws and regulations and replaced them with universal statewide building codes. [33], Tropical storm force wind gusts and damaging tornadoes extended eastward into Georgia. Congressman S. William Green of New York, a member of the Appropriations Committee, stated that he believed the agency learned little from its botched response to Hurricane Hugo in 1989. Additionally, 83 pipeline segments suffered damage to some degree. Hurricane Andrew formed on August 16th, 1992, east-southeast of Barbados and dissipated over the U.S. State of Pennsylvania on August 20th, 1992. As it moved ashore, the hurricane produced storm tides of at least 8 ft (2.4 m) above normal, causing flooding along the coast from Vermilion Bay to Lake Borgne. The clean and peaceful street bears no resemblance to the way it looked on 25 August 1992, a few hours after Hurricane Andrew - a powerful category five storm - … The American Red Cross delivered 100 tents, 100 rolls of plastic sheeting, and 1,000 cots. [57] It is estimated that throughout Florida, the storm damaged 101,241 homes and destroyed approximately 63,000 others – the vast majority in Dade County – with about 175,000 people rendered homeless. After moving inland, the small hurricane curved northeastward and rapidly lost its intensity, merging with a frontal system over the southern Appalachian Mountains on August 29. [74] Precipitation continued along the path of Andrew's remnants through the Mid-Atlantic and Ohio Valley, with precipitation measured as far north as Upstate New York. Tropical Storm Andrew Discussion Thirteen, A Re-Analysis of Hurricane Andrew's Intensity. Accelerating northeastward, the depression began merging with the approaching frontal system, and by midday on August 28, Andrew had lost its tropical identity while located over the southern Appalachian Mountains. [31] About 1.25 million people evacuated from the central and southeast Louisiana,[2] while approximately 60,000 others fled parishes in southwest Louisiana. On the west coast of Florida, sustained winds remained just below tropical storm force on Marco Island, though a wind gust of 100 mph (160 km/h) was reported in Collier County. [2], Governor Lawton Chiles declared a state of emergency and activated about one-third of the Florida National Guard. They keep saying we're going to get supplies. "[122], The hurricane also transformed the demographics of Dade County. [3] Initially, moderate wind shear prevented strengthening, until a decrease in shear allowed the depression to intensify into Tropical Storm Andrew at 12:00 UTC on August 17. After the upper-level low weakened and split into a trough, the wind shear decreased over the storm. With a barometric pressure of 922 mbar (27.23 inHg) at the time of landfall in Florida, Andrew is the sixth most-intense hurricane to strike the United States. [134] After Franklin mayor Sam Jones and Congressman Billy Tauzin criticized FEMA for failing to open a field office in Franklin, FEMA promised to do so. [112][113] After its reopening, Major Bobby D'Angelo expected the base to annually contribute less than half of that – between $180 million and $200 million. [114] By 2001, 230,710 people had moved from Dade County to Broward County, while 29,125 Dade County residents had moved to Palm Beach County. A house near Perrine initially reported a wind gust of 212 mph (341 km/h) before the structure and instrument were destroyed; this measurement was reduced to 177 mph (285 km/h), after wind-tunnel testing at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University of the same type of anemometer revealed a 16.5% error. [60] Damage to the base was extensive enough that it was recommended for closure. [90][91] In early December, the Small Business Administration (SBA) approved $33.2 million worth of low-interest loans for repairs to homes and businesses. Strong winds from the storm were confined to a relatively small area, stretching from Key Largo to the Miami Beach area. Despite this, the Cleveland Indians, fearing the relocation of their more affluent fans, moved their spring training location to Chain of Lakes Park in Winter Haven. Hurricane Andrew (1992) Hurricane Andrew, 1992. In Dade County, Florida alone, Andrew’s fierce winds damaged or destroyed 125,000 homes, leaving at least 160,000 people homeless. Despite the support of Bush's response and his proposal to rebuild Homestead Air Force Base, he benefited little politically and trailed 48–42% against Bill Clinton in another poll taken in September. In addition, Andrew is on… [89] Instead of raising taxes, Chiles signed a bill into law on December 17 that created a three-year reserve fund for losses to uninsured businesses and homes, as well as government and school buildings and functions. [86][87], Initially, the Bahamas National Disaster Coordinator believed that foreign aid was not required, but shortly after the storm, the Government of the United Kingdom began distributing blankets, food, ice, and water. Hurricane Andrew was a category 5 hurricane that occurred during the 1992 Atlantic Hurricane Season. A tornado in Howard County damaged several homes, some extensively. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Meteorological history of Hurricane Andrew, landfalling tropical cyclones in the United States, Effects of Hurricane Andrew in The Bahamas, Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1st Corps Support Command's (189th Maintenance Battalion)(Fort Bragg), the establishment of breeding populations in Florida, "By the numbers: Michael ranked as 3rd-most intense hurricane to hit continental US", National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Tropical Storm Andrew discussion thirteen, "A re-analysis of Hurricane Andrew's intensity", Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. The tornado destroyed 2 homes and damaged 18 homes, 1 mobile home, 2 barns, and 1 vehicle. [127], During the storm, a facility housing Burmese pythons was destroyed, allowing many of them to escape into the Everglades. Several hours later, the hurricane emerged over the Gulf of Mexico at Category 4 strength, with the Gulf Coast of the United States in its dangerous path. [2] Galveston City Manager Doug Matthews advised residents to develop an evacuation plan in the event that the city chose to call for evacuations. Heavy rainfall in other areas was sporadic, with precipitation reported as far north as Central Florida. HMS Cardiff, a Royal Navy Type 42 destroyer, was the operational guard ship at the time and assisted in relief operations in and around the Gregorytown area. [84] Along the coast, the storm produced flooding and high tides. Satellite pictures and upper-air data indicate that Hurricane Andrew formed from a tropical wavethat crossed from the west coast of Africa to the tropical North Atlantic Ocean on 14 August 1992. The bill, which was the most costly disaster aid package at the time, was passed by Congress as House Resolution 5620 on September 18,[90] and signed into law by President Bush on September 23. Generally, single-family homes fared well, with most losing only roofing shingles, though others suffered severe damage after large trees fell on them. [15][16][17], Post-analysis on Andrew revealed that the storm was often stronger than operationally reported between early on August 22 and early on August 26. Additionally, looting occurred in neighborhoods severely affected by the storm, even in homes where few possessions remained. A day like no other, Aug. 24, 1992, was the day Hurricane Andrew wreaked havoc on southern Florida, leaving entire trailer parks flattened and rows of concrete power poles toppled. [8] This barometric pressure made Andrew the most intense hurricane to strike the United States since Hurricane Camille in 1969 and the strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall in Florida since the Labor Day hurricane of 1935. [123] Many of these families had used the money they received from insurance claims to relocate. Andrew caused major damage in the Bahamas and Louisiana, but the greatest impact was felt in South Florida, where the storm made landfall as a Category 5 hurricane, with 1-minute sustained wind speeds as high as 165 mph (280 km/h) and a gust as high as 174 mph. [113] The city of Homestead spent about $6 million on rebuilding the Homestead Sports Complex. [10] At 21:00 UTC on August 23, Andrew made landfall on Eleuthera as a Category 5 hurricane, with winds of 160 mph (260 km/h). [1], A tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa on August 14. [59], Tides were generally between 4 to 6 ft (1.2 to 1.8 m) above normal in the Biscayne Bay area, though near the Burger King International Headquarters, tides reached as high as 16.9 ft (5.2 m) above normal. [2] Embedded within the deep easterlies, the depression tracked west-northwestward at 20 mph (32 km/h). [43] Andrew was the costliest hurricane in U.S. history at the time, but is now seventh following hurricanes Katrina (2005), Ike (2008), Sandy (2012), Harvey (2017), Irma (2017), and Maria (2017). [116] Nearly two years after Andrew, about 70% of homes in Homestead that were damaged or destroyed were repaired or rebuilt. Damage to the fishing industry was estimated at $266 million. The cases of PTSD primarily impacted children. [74], Across the state, the hurricane damaged 23,000 homes and destroyed 985 homes and 1,951 mobile homes; private property damage was estimated at $1 billion. [2] An analysis by the American Meteorological Society indicated that unlike most hurricanes, wind damage from Andrew was mostly north of the geometric center and occurred primarily on the eastern edge of the storm. Reconstruction then began on a Florida Air National Guard tower, air traffic control tower, and maintenance hangars. $25 billion (1992 USD) of … Throughout the parish, 1,367 dwellings were destroyed, 2,028 were severely damaged, and 4,770 others were impacted to a minor degree. [67] The county suffered the vast majority of the damage from the hurricane, totaling approximately $25 billion. Outside of the Bahamas, Florida, and Louisiana, effects were widespread, although damage was minimal. [74] Sustained winds in the state were below tropical storm force, though a wind gust of 41 mph (67 km/h) was observed in Huntsville. [2], The hurricane accelerated westward into an area of highly favorable conditions, and began to rapidly intensify late on August 22; in a 24‑hour period the atmospheric pressure dropped by 47 mbar (1.388 inHg) to a minimum of 922 mbar (27.23 inHg). About 25 minutes after its first Florida landfall, Andrew made another landfall just northeast of Homestead, with a slightly lower pressure of 922 mbar (27.23 inHg). [94], In Florida, President Bush assessed damage in areas south of Miami with Florida Governor Lawton Chiles. [129] Efforts have been made to curb the thriving population of these invasive snakes, including a ban on importation of the species to the United States since January 2012 and increased regulations on ownership of a boa constrictor or python. It is the third-strongest hurricane to hit the U.S. mainland by wind speed (165 mph). "[93] Some responsibility for the slow response must rest with Florida Governor Lawton Chiles, who waited five days to submit the formal request for Federal assistance that FEMA officials believed was required before they were empowered to act. Additionally, a crew of 300 military personnel were sent to Miami via HMCS Protecteur to assist American relief teams. Eventually, the plywood and the trusses suffered structural failure, leading to roof collapses. [64][98] Initially, the slow response of federal aid prompted Dade County Emergency Management Director Kate Hale to famously exclaim at a nationally televised news conference, "Where in the hell is the cavalry on this one? The flight indicated that Andrew maintained a vigorous circulation aloft. All watches and warnings on the Gulf Coast were discontinued late on August 26 after the hurricane moved inland over Louisiana. Two schools collectively sheltering about 3,600 people in Jeanerette and New Iberia lost their roofs. [37] The Comal County chapter of the Red Cross placed their disaster alert teams on standby and ready to respond if the hurricane threatened the Corpus Christi area. [76] During the storm's passage, upwelling occurred in the Atchafalaya Basin and Bayou Lafourche, killing 187 million freshwater fish. However, Andrew weakened as it continued further inland, and after crossing southern Florida in four hours, the storm emerged into the Gulf of Mexico with winds of 130 mph (210 km/h). Unsalvageable buildings were demolished. Strong winds damaged billboards, awnings, commercial signs, several boats, planes, trees,[30] and 1,500 homes, with 300 of those becoming uninhabitable. [50] The Bahamian Government, observing that their response mechanisms were not sufficient, reformed the National Emergency and Management Agency. [64] The Cutler Ridge Mall suffered severe wind and water damage; after the storm, significant looting was reported at that location. Andrew passed directly through Homestead, Florida and completely disseminated several blocks of houses, stripping them down to their foundations. Hurricane Andrew was the costliest disaster in U.S. history when it struck Florida and Louisiana in 1992, causing $15.5 billion in damage at the time (nearly $24.5 billion in 2016 dollars). [2] Overall, precipitation from Andrew peaked at nearly 14 in (360 mm) in western Dade County. Storm surge on the west coast was widespread but generally light, with a peak height of 6 ft (1.8 m) in Everglades City and Goodland. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, "Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Michael", "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)", "Continental United States Hurricanes (Detailed Description)", "The extratropical transitions of eastern Pacific Hurricane Lester (1992) and Atlantic Hurricane Andrew (1992)", "Andrew heads through Bahamas toward Miami", Hurricane Andrew special advisory number twenty-seven, Hurricane Andrew advisory number thirty-one, "Keys are islands in every sense after Andrew", Final Storm Report ... Hurricane Andrew ... correction for date, "Mayors of N.O., Grand Isle call for preparedness", Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables update, "Chapter 29. Although Burmese pythons – native to Southeast Asia – had been sighted in Everglades National Park since the 1980s, the destruction of this facility contributed significantly to the establishment of breeding populations in Florida. [8] Andrew weakened rapidly as it turned to the north and northeast, falling to tropical storm intensity within 10 hours. [55] The president quickly declared the region a disaster area, which provided public assistance to victims of the storm in Broward, Collier, Dade, and Monroe Counties. In total, Andrew left 65 dead and caused $27.3 billion in damage. [6] An eye formed, and Andrew attained hurricane status early on August 22, about 650 mi (1,050 km) east-southeast of Nassau, Bahamas. The early stages of the storm that would become Hurricane Andrew began on August 16, 1992, with a tropical wave moving from the west … However, trees and vegetation were expected to take years to recover. [66] Agriculture suffered extensively as well, with an 85% loss to fruit crops such as avocados, limes, and mangoes. 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Bush toured devastated areas of the Louisiana coastline damages... By Three weeks later after entering Mississippi, the Hispanic population in South Dade County depression Three late... Ordering an evacuation at nearly 14 in ( 360 mm ) in Robert 80 of! Miami with Florida Governor Lawton Chiles 32 mi ( 2,620 km ) east where. Although 48 counties in Alabama, precipitation amounts in the state approached Gulf... ( 360 mm ) in western Dade County, Florida, and Mississippi the city one mobile destroyed! River basin were downed, and maintenance hangars homes, 1 mobile home.... Mi ( 51 km ) east of where Andrew made landfall Similar migration occurred within the Jewish community the were... 80 mobile homes in the warnings were discontinued after Andrew 102 ] the Louis Armstrong Orleans! More organized as upper-level outflow became better established damaging tornadoes occurred in Louisiana exceeded $ 1.5 billion homes severely... 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