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In order to promote international cooperation in scientific investigation in Antarctica, as provided for in Article II of the present Treaty, the Contracting Parties agree that, to the greatest extent feasible and practicable: (a) information regarding plans for scientific programs in Antarctica shall be exchanged to permit maximum economy and efficiency of operations; (b) scientific personnel shall be exchanged in Antarctica between expeditions and stations; (c) scientific observations and results from Antarctica shall be exchanged and made freely available. The Chilean Antarctic Territory ranges from 53 West to 90 West and from the South Pole to the 60 South parallel, partially overlapping the Argentine and British Antarctic claims. [133], The first international agreement to protect Antarctica's biodiversity was adopted in 1964. Classic. In order to form a legal framework for the activities of nations on the continent, an Antarctic Treaty was negotiated that neither denies nor gives recognition to existing territorial claims; signed in 1959, it entered into force in 1961. Also relevant to Antarctic governance are the Environmental Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty and the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. [88] In early 2008, about 570km2 (220sqmi) of ice from the Wilkins Ice Shelf on the southwest part of the peninsula collapsed, putting the remaining 15,000km2 (5,800sqmi) of the ice shelf at risk. More than 50 Antarctic stations were established for the IGY by just 12 countries: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States.In 1961, these countries signed the Antarctic Treaty, which established that: the region south of 60S latitude remain politically neutral; no nation or group of people can claim any part of the Antarctic as territory; countries cannot use the region for military purposes or to dispose of radioactive waste; and research can only be done for peaceful purposes.The Antarctic Treaty does support territorial claims made before 1961, by New Zealand, Australia, France, Norway, the United Kingdom, Chile, and Argentina. The IGY prompted an intense period of scientific research in the Antarctic. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036, National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. Meteorologists study climate patterns, including the ozone hole that hovers over the Antarctic. [72] In the dry valleys, the same effect occurs over a rock base, leading to a barren and desiccated landscape. The ice then moves into the ocean, often forming vast floating ice shelves. While the United States maintains a basis to claim territory in Antarctica, it has not made a claim. )exports: 0 kWh (2020 est. Geographical features, such as ice caps, are shown as they are today for identification purposes, not as how they appeared at these times. Most of the whalers were Norwegian, with an increasing proportion from Britain. Each meeting has generated recommendations regarding operation of the treaty that, when ratified by the participating governments, become binding on the parties to the treaty. During the colder Neogene (172.5Ma), a tundra ecosystem replaced the rainforests. Thereafter the Treaty shall enter into force for any acceding State upon the deposit of its instrument of accession. Antarctica is defined as all land and ice shelves south of 60 S for the purposes of the Treaty System. The trend was at a scale unprecedented over the last 600 years; the most dominant driver of the mode of variability is likely the depletion of ozone above the continent. [115] The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by seal hunters from the United States and the United Kingdom. Their food sources were leopard seals, fish, and, ultimately, their sled dogs. [113], Antarctic krill, which congregates in large schools, is the keystone species of the ecosystem of the Southern Ocean, being an important food organism for whales, seals, leopard seals, fur seals, squid, icefish, and many bird species, such as penguins and albatrosses. According to the terms of the treaty, military activity, mining, nuclear explosions, and nuclear waste disposal are all prohibited in Antarctica. The oldest known human remains in the Antarctic region was a skull, dated from 1819 to 1825, that belonged to a young woman on Yamana Beach at the South Shetland Islands. Scotts team, on the other hand, pulled their sleighs by hand, collecting geological samples along the way. (c) If any such modification or amendment has not entered into force in accordance with the provisions of subparagraph 1(a) of this Article within a period of two years after the date of its communication to all the Contracting Parties, any Contracting Party may at any time after the expiration of that period give notice to the depositary Government of its withdrawal from the present Treaty; and such withdrawal shall take effect two years after the receipt of the notice by the depositary Government. [159], During the Nimrod Expedition led by the British explorer Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole. [95], Future projections of ice loss depend on the speed of climate change mitigation and are uncertain. By 1959, 12 countries came together to create the 1959 Antarctica Treaty: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the U.S.S.R. (Russia), the United Kingdom, and the United States. The Australian Antarctic Territory includes all islands and territories south of 60S, and between 45E and 160E, excluding the French sector of Terre Adelie. [95][99] Increased ice outflow has been observed in some regions of East Antarctica, particularly at Wilkes Land. The Governments of Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, the French Republic, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, the Union of South Africa, The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America. Its formation began during the Archean Eon (4,000Ma2,500Ma), and stopped during the Cambrian Period. [75] Conversely, the South Pole, located in East Antarctica, barely warmed during much of the 20th century, but temperatures rose three times the global average between 1990 and 2020. Each team used different methods, with drastically different levels of success. The ozone hole above Antarctica is predicted to slowly disappear; by the 2060s, levels of ozone are expected to have returned to values last recorded in the 1980s. There is no sovereign territory and instead the region is managed under an international agreement, the Antarctic Treaty. Since the Antarctic Treaty (|) came into force in 1961, Article 1 of which states "The treaty does not recognize, dispute, nor establish territorial sovereignty claims; no new claims shall be asserted while the treaty is in force", most countries do not . [115], A Census of Marine Life by some 500 researchers during the International Polar Year, was released in 2010. [47] During the early Paleogene, Antarctica remained connected to South America via the Isthmus of Scotia as well as to southeastern Australia. Can you pick the Pick The Antarctic Territories? 1. Timer. [76] In February 2020, the continent recorded its highest temperature of 18.3C (64.9F), which was 0.8C (1.4F) higher than the previous record attained in March 2015. Thousands of species, such as krill, feed on the plankton. [86] The loss of ice shelf "buttressing" has been identified as the major cause of ice loss on the West Antarctic ice sheet, but has also been observed around the East Antarctic ice sheet. Observers shall be nationals of the Contracting Parties which designate them. Other associated Triassic flora included ginkgophytes, cycadophytes, conifers, and sphenopsids. on the Antarctic continent. In 2012, after the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office designated a previously unnamed area Queen Elizabeth Land in tribute to Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee,[187] the Argentinean government formally protested against the claim. [139] The Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary was established in 1994 by the International Whaling Commission. Military personnel or equipment are permitted only for scientific research or other peaceful purposes. [28] Modern Antarctica was formed as Gondwana gradually broke apart beginning around 183 Ma. [167][note 6] In the summer of 19961997, Norwegian explorer Brge Ousland became the first person to cross Antarctica alone from coast to coast, helped by a kite on parts of the journey. Because early explorers confronted extreme obstacles and debilitating conditions, this period of time became known as the Heroic Age. Roald Amundsen, Robert Falcon Scott, Edward Adrian Wilson, and Ernest Shackleton all competed in the Race to the South Pole.In 1911, Amundsen, of Norway, and Scott, of the United Kingdom, began expeditions with the aim of becoming the first man to reach the South Pole. )crude oil and lease condensate imports: 0 barrels/day (2018 est. In the event of the conclusion of international agreements concerning the use of nuclear energy, including nuclear explosions and the disposal of radioactive waste material, to which all of the Contracting Parties whose representatives are entitled to participate in the meetings provided for under Article IX are parties, the rules established under such agreements shall apply in Antarctica. The barren and for the most part uninhabited lands were linked for administrative purposes with Madagascar from 1924 until 1955, when they became a French territory governed under a special statute by a senior administrator who is partially resident in Paris. )imports: 0 metric tons (2020 est. What follows is the complete text of the Antarctic Treaty. Another 21 nations have acceded to the Antarctic Treaty: Austria, Belarus, Canada, Colombia, Cuba, Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, Denmark, Estonia, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, Malaysia, Monaco, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Portugal, Romania, Slovak Republic, Switzerland, Turkey, and Venezuela. MORE INFO. Antarctica is governed by about 30 countries, all of which are parties of the 1959 Antarctic Treaty System. Tectonic activity is the interaction of plates on Earths crust, often resulting in earthquakes and volcanoes. [193], Tourists have been visiting Antarctica since 1957. Each Contracting Party which has become a party to the present Treaty by accession under Article XIII shall be entitled to appoint representatives to participate in the meetings referred to in paragraph 1 of the present Article, during such time as the Contracting Party demonstrates its interest in Antarctica by conducting substantial scientific research activity there, such as the establishment of a scientific station or the dispatch of a scientific expedition. [70], Antarctica is a polar desert with little precipitation; the continent receives an average equivalent to about 150mm (6in) of water per year, mostly in the form of snow. 1. Howard Beale Antarctica is on average the coldest, driest, and windiest of the continents, and it has the highest average elevation. Weather fronts rarely penetrate far into the continent, leaving the centre cold and dry, with moderate wind speeds. [38] Ginkgo trees, conifers, Bennettitales, horsetails, ferns and cycads were plentiful during the time. [84] The average extent of sea ice around Antarctica has changed little since satellites began to observe the Earth's surface in 1978; which is in contrast with the Arctic, where there has been rapid sea ice loss. For those who have probably never heard of it, this is a 660,000 square mile slice of Antarctica that the United Kingdom first claimed in 1908, which has two permanent research stations and an. [63][64], Coal was first recorded in Antarctica near the Beardmore Glacier by Frank Wild on the Nimrod Expedition in 1907, and low-grade coal is known to exist across many parts of the Transantarctic Mountains. [33][34] There is no evidence of any tetrapods having lived in Antarctica during the Paleozoic. They say this is happening because of new climate patterns caused by climate change. section 2401 et seq., provides civil and criminal penalties for the following activities unless authorized by regulation or statute: the taking of native mammals or birds; the introduction of nonindigenous plants and animals; entry into specially protected areas; the discharge or disposal of pollutants; and the importation into the US of certain items from Antarctica; violation of the Antarctic Conservation Act carries penalties of up to $10,000 in fines and one year in prison; the National Science Foundation and Department of Justice share enforcement responsibilities; Public Law 95-541, the US Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978, as amended in 1996, requires expeditions from the US to Antarctica to notify, in advance, the Office of Oceans and Polar Affairs, Room 2665, Department of State, Washington, DC 20520, which reports such plans to other nations as required by the Antarctic Treaty; for more information, contact antarctica@state.gov, unofficial; a True South flag, created in 2018, has quickly become popular for its simple yet elegant design and has been used by various National Antarctic Programs, Antarctic nonprofits, and expedition teams; the flag's meaning is described as: horizontal stripes of navy and white represent the long days and nights at Antarctica's extreme latitude; in the center, a lone white peak erupts from a field of snow and ice, echoing those of the bergs, mountains, and pressure ridges that define the Antarctic horizon; the long shadow it casts forms the unmistakable shape of a compass arrow pointed south, an homage to the continent's legacy of exploration; together, the two center shapes create a diamond, symbolizing the hope that Antarctica will continue to be a center of peace, discovery, and cooperation for generations to come. Amundsens team relied on dog sleds and skiing to reach the pole, covering as much as 64 kilometers (40 miles) per day. [147], The First Russian Antarctic Expedition, led by Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on the 985-ton sloop-of-war Vostok and the 530-ton support vessel Mirny, reached a point within 32km (20mi) of Queen Maud's Land and recorded sighting an ice shelf at .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}692128S 21450W / 69.35778S 2.24722W / -69.35778; -2.24722. [209] Most meteorites come from asteroids, but a few meteorites found in Antarctica came from the Moon and Mars. Only 28 of the 47 treaty-states have decision-making powers during these meetings. Any or all of the rights established in the present Treaty may be exercised as from the date of entry into force of the Treaty whether or not any measures facilitating the exercise of such rights have been proposed, considered or approved as provided in this Article. [164] Caroline Mikkelsen had landed on an island of Antarctica, earlier in 1935. )crude oil estimated reserves: 0 barrels (2021 est. [personnel under jurisdiction of their own states]. [186], The Argentine, British, and Chilean claims overlap, and have caused friction. Scotts team reached the South Pole on January 17, 1912, suffering from malnutrition, snow blindness, exhaustion, and injury. [122], The same features can be observed in algae and cyanobacteria, suggesting that they are adaptations to the conditions prevailing in Antarctica. Antarctica has both saline and freshwater lakes. The islands of the Antarctic region are: South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands, South Georgia, and the South Sandwich Islands, all claimed by the United Kingdom; Peter I Island and Bouvet Island, claimed by Norway; Heard and McDonald islands, claimed by Australia; and Scott Island and the Balleny Islands, claimed by New Zealand.Physical GeographyPhysical FeaturesThe Antarctic Ice Sheet dominates the region. 2. Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic. #Antarctica #Geography #GeopoliticsSUPPORT TTK:MERCH :https://teespring.com/stores/ticket-to-knowOr if you would rather donate money :paypal.me/TicketToK. The waters surrounding Antarctica are relatively deep, reaching 4,000 to 5,000 meters (13,123 to 16,404 feet) in depth.ClimateAntarctica has an extremely cold, dry climate. [80], Precipitation in Antarctica occurs in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms the giant ice sheet that covers the continent. PLAY QUIZ % % Score. Base Esperanza also houses the first Catholic chapel (1976) and first school (1978) built on the continent. With an emphasis on identification, this book includes keys, species descriptions, full-color illustrations and distribution maps, as well as a summary of the biology and . A number of countries have set up a range of year-round and seasonal stations, camps, and refuges to support scientific research in Antarctica. in the south Indian Ocean, as well as the Adlie Coast ( q.v.) The familiar map boundaries of the continent known as Antarctica, defined as the South Polar landmass and all its nonfloating grounded ice, are subject to change with current and future climate change. Explorers wanted to win the Race to the South Pole more than understand Antarcticas environment. )from consumed natural gas: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. In 1979, Base Esperanza became the continents first shortwave radio broadcaster, connecting the research station with Argentinas continental territory.Davis Station is Australias busiest scientific research station. The first confirmed landing was by a Norwegian team in 1895. Julio Escudero. [134] The overfishing of krill (an animal that plays a large role in the Antarctic ecosystem) led officials to enact regulations on fishing. The hard-nosed, hard-working, cynical, devout population of 2.12 billion Andreians are kept under strict control by the oppressive government, which measures its success by the nation's . The belief of such a land lasted until the discovery of Australia. [7], During the early 19th century, explorer Matthew Flinders doubted the existence of a detached continent south of Australia (then called New Holland), and thus advocated for the "Terra Australis" name to be used for Australia instead. )from petroleum and other liquids: 28,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. Omissions? [122] Some of the species of fungi, which are apparently endemic to Antarctica, live in bird dung, and have evolved so they can grow inside extremely cold dung, but can also pass through the intestines of warm-blooded animals. [161] One month later, the doomed Scott Expedition reached the pole. These nations agree to abide by the treaty and may attend consultative meetings as observers. They searched for a more poetic replacement, suggesting names such as Ultima and Antipodea. 1996 - 2022 National Geographic Society. Astronomers make observations from Antarcticas interior because it offers the clearest view of space from Earth. Although some of the crew sustained injuries, they all survived.The journey of the Endurance expedition symbolizes the Heroic Age, a time of extreme sacrifice and bravery in the name of exploration and discovery. Any nuclear explosions in Antarctica and the disposal there of radioactive waste material shall be prohibited. [62] In coastal areas such as the Shackleton Range and Victoria Land, some faulting has occurred. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. These cargo ships can only reach Winter Quarters Bay, McMurdos harbor, during summer, when the pack ice can be breached by U.S. Coast Guard icebreakers. At 3C, parts of the East Antarctic ice sheet are also projected to be fully lost, and total ice loss would lead to around 6 to 12 meters (20 to 39 feet) or more of sea level rise. [165], The South Pole was next reached on 31 October 1956, when a U.S. Navy group led by Rear Admiral George J. Dufek successfully landed an aircraft there. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. That's about 42% of Antarctica. This Territory ranges from 53 West to 90 West and from the South Pole to the 60 South parallel, partially overlapping the Argentine and British Antarctic claims and creating the eastern border of Westarctica. Quizzes; Events; Quiz Creation ; Community; Videos; Private Events; Remove Ads . Ice shelves are floating sheets of ice that are connected to the continent. It is administered by the . 6. By the early 20th century, explorers started to traverse the interior of Antarctica. Its coastline is almost 18,000km (11,200mi) long:[1] As of 1983[update], of the four coastal types, 44% of the coast is floating ice in the form of an ice shelf, 38% consists of ice walls that rest on rock, 13% is ice streams or the edge of glaciers, and the remaining 5% is exposed rock. [112] The flightless midge Belgica antarctica, the largest purely terrestrial animal in Antarctica, reaches .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}6mm (14in) in size. L. Gajardo V. the australian external territories consist of the australian antarctic territory, comprising all claimed islands and territories other than adlie land situated south of latitude 60 s between longitude 45 and 160 e (however, all antarctic claims are in abeyance as per the antarctic treaty and are not recognized by most countries); christmas [26] The ice dome known as Dome Argus in East Antarctica is the highest Antarctic ice feature, at 4,091 metres (13,422ft). Their wings serve as flippers as they fly through the water in search of prey such as squid and fish. Quiz Creator Spotlight. Done at Washington the first day of December, one thousand nine hundred and fifty-nine. Antarctica is governed by about 30 countries, all of which are parties of the 1959 Antarctic Treaty System. This effect is not seen throughout the Antarctic, however, and some parts are experiencing ice melt.The waters surrounding Antarctica are a key part of the ocean conveyor belt, a global system in which water circulates around the globe based on density and on currents. Antarctica covers more than 14.2millionkm2 (5,500,000sqmi), making it the fifth-largest continent, slightly less than 1.5times the area of the United States. The treaty set aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, and established freedom of scientific investigation and environmental protection. It is mainly a polar desert, with annual precipitation of over 200mm (8in) along the coast and far less inland. [61] On top of the base are coal and sandstones, limestones, and shales that were laid down during the Devonian and Jurassic periods to form the Transantarctic Mountains. The British Antarctic Territory is the largest British overseas territory by land area, but has no permanent human population. During the Cambrian period, Gondwana had a mild climate. Shackletons team survived for roughly four months on the ice by setting up makeshift camps. [freedom of scientific investigation to continue]. 3. All rights reserved, National Science Foundation: Antarctic Sciences News, National Geographic News: Antarctica May Contain Oasis of Life, National Geographic News: Alien Species Invading Antarctica, United States Antarctic Program: McMurdo Station Webcam, National Geographic Video: Antarctica Images Best Yet, National Geographic Maps: Antarctica and Surrounding Oceans Geophysical Map, Ice Stories: Dispatches from Polar Scientists: Antarctic Marine Ecosystem. Other plants found in Antarctica during the Permian include Cordaitales, sphenopsids, ferns, and lycophytes. Most of these ten countries have established scientific research centres, where around 4000 people work and live in Antarctica over summer, with numbers reducing to around 1000 in winter. In order to promote the objectives and ensure the observation of the provisions of the present Treaty, each Contracting Party whose representatives are entitled to participate in the meetings referred to in Article IX of the Treaty shall have the right to designate observers to carry out any inspection provided for by the present Article. [118] The emperor penguin is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica; it and the Adlie penguin breed farther south than any other penguin. [136] Instead, countries adopted the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (the Madrid Protocol), which entered into force in 1998. [175], The Antarctic Treaty prohibits any military activity in Antarctica, including the establishment of military bases and fortifications, military manoeuvres, and weapons testing. Corrections? The greenhouse also serves as a sunroom for sunlight-deprived residents, especially during the long winter months.Political GeographyHistoric IssuesFor many European and North American powers, Antarctica represented the last great frontier for human exploration. [140], Despite these protections, the biodiversity in Antarctica is still at risk from human activities. Countries can participate in decision-making if they can demonstrate that they do significant research on Antarctica; as of 2022[update], 29 countries have this 'consultative status'. Updates? As global ice cover (ice sheets and glaciers) decreases, the reflectivity of Earths surface also decreases. Best Score? The Antarctic Bottom Water causes warmer waters to rise, or upwell.Antarctic upwelling is so strong that it helps move water around the entire planet. It was not until the arrival of scientific personnel in 194950 that they were effectively occupied. [37], The Antarctic Peninsula began to form during the Jurassic period (206146Ma). [184], Sovereignty over regions of Antarctica is claimed by seven countries. Hydroponics requires excellent gardeners because produce is grown without soil. 2. Mount Erebus, located on Antarcticas Ross Island, is the southernmost active volcano on Earth.The majority of the islands and archipelagos of Lesser Antarctica are volcanic and heavily glaciated. Antarcticus is derived from the Greek - ('anti-') and ('of the Bear', 'northern'). [108], The ozone depletion can cause a cooling of around 6C (11F) in the stratosphere. The 50 Antarctic Treaty nations represent about two-thirds of the world's human population. [176] The only documented military land manoeuvre on the continent has been the small Operation NINETY by the Argentine military in 1965. Antarctica is the fifth-largest continent, being about 40% larger than Europe, and has an area of 14,200,000km2 (5,500,000sqmi). British explorers were the first to reach the magnetic South Pole in 1909, and the geographic South Pole was first reached in 1911 by Norwegian explorers. Measures, Decisions, and Resolutions adopted at Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings, 3. Antarctica is a unique continent in that it does not have a native population. 70: 5.00: Geography: Sep 22, 2022: Go to Creator's Profile. Such a land lasted until the discovery of Australia ; Quiz Creation ; Community ; Videos ; Events! Team used different methods, with drastically different levels of success material be! Arrival of scientific research or other peaceful purposes leading to a barren and desiccated landscape Gondwana broke... International Whaling Commission each topic early explorers confronted extreme obstacles and debilitating conditions this. And dry, with an increasing proportion from Britain in 1994 by the international Polar Year, was in. Of any tetrapods having lived in Antarctica came from the Moon and Mars a... 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