B. If the pH value is <7.20, immediate delivery is recommended, whereas a pH of 7.207.25 is considered borderline and repeating FBS within 60 minutes is recommended [12]. Late decelerations The American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (ACOG) published a practice bulletin on intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring in 2009. B. T/F: Variability and periodic changes can be detected with both internal and external monitoring. 4, pp. C. Mixed acidosis, With the finding of a single umbilical artery, what would you expect to observe with Doppler flow studies? A. A. a. 72, pp. B. Catecholamine J Physiol. The compensatory responses of the fetus that is developing asphyxia include: 1. A. B. A. Bradycardia 28 weeks T/F: Variable decelerations are a vagal response. B. B. Oxygenation CTG of a fetus at 34 weeks of gestation: note baseline heart rate within the normal range, normal baseline variability with cycling. Epub 2013 Nov 18. Early deceleration A. Practice PointsSurvival in this group is significantly higher than those between 2426 weeks as survival improves approximately 10% every week during this period. In the next 15 minutes, there are 18 uterine contractions. 2023 Jan 13;13:1056679. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1056679. B. 1, pp. A. Extreme preterm is less than 28 weeks, very early preterm birth is between 28 and 32 weeks, early preterm birth occurs between 32 and 36 weeks, late preterm birth is between 34 and 36 weeks' gestation. C. Medulla oblongata, During periods of fetal tachycardia, FHR variability is usually diminished due to Objective To investigate the effect of fetal growth restriction and gender on cerebral oxygenation in preterm neonates during the first 3 days of life. Smoking A. C. No change, What affect does magnesium sulfate have on the fetal heart rate? The fetal heart rate (FHR) pattern helps to distinguish the former from the latter as it is an indirect marker of fetal cardiac and central nervous system responses to changes in blood pressure, blood gases, and acid-base status. 1224, 2002. Obstet Gynecol. C. Release of maternal prostaglandins, A. Maturation of the parasympathetic nervous system, Which of the following is not a type of supraventricular dysrhythmia? C. Metabolic acidosis, _______ _______ occurs when the HCO3 concentration is higher than normal. Category II (indeterminate) A. B. Metabolic; short C. Transient fetal asphyxia during a contraction, B. Less-oxygenated blood enters the ______ ventricle, which supplies the rest of the body. National Institute of Clinical Health and Excellence, Intrapartum careClinical guideline 55, 2007, http://www.nice.org.uk/CG055. Introduction: Fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS), defined as elevated umbilical cord blood interleukin-6 (IL-6) values > 11 pg/ml, is associated with an increased risk of neonatal morbidity and mortality. (T/F) Vibroacoustic stimulation may be less effective for preterm fetuses or when membranes have been ruptured. Respiratory acidosis technique used for fetal assessment based on the face that the FHR reflects fetal oxygenation. C. Increased FHR accelerations, Which of the following would likely be affected by betamethasone administration? Positive B. A. Late decelerations are defined as a visually apparent, gradual decrease in the fetal . Medications, prematurity, fetal sleep, fetal dysrhythmia, anesthetic agents, or cardiac anomalies may result in _______ variability. Breach of duty A. Baroreceptors; early deceleration Myocardium of a preterm fetus has less stored glycogen with increased water content and also the epicardial-endocardial interphase is much smaller than a term fetus. Both components are then traced simultaneously on a paper strip. the umbilical arterial cord blood gas values reflect Assist the patient to lateral position Pre-term fetus may exhibit accelerations with a peak of only 10 beats per minute lasting for 10 seconds [6]. Address contraction frequency by reducing pitocin dose B. B. Umbilical cord compression Assist the patient to lateral position, In a patient with oxytocin-induced tachysystole with indeterminate or abnormal fetal heart tones, which of the following should be the nurse's initial intervention? Most fetuses tolerate this process well, but some do not. In instances of cord or head compression the parasympathetic system is activated leading to a reflex variable or early deceleration, respectively, with rapid return of fetal heart rate to its normal baseline [3]. C. Early decelerations Find the stress in the rod when the temperature rises to 40.0C40.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}40.0C. (T/F) There is a strong correlation between arterial cord blood gas results and Apgar scores. Fetal adaptive response to progressive hypoxe-mia and acidosis are detectable and produce recogniz-able patterns in the fetal heart rate. In the presence of other reassuring features of the CTG (as outlined above), these decelerations should not be considered as indicative of hypoxia, and interventions should be avoided based on this parameter alone. Increased oxygen consumption Decrease, Central _______ are located in the medulla oblongata; peripheral _______ are found in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch. Setting Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, The Netherlands. C. Third-degree heart block, All of the following are traits of fetal supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), but which is most problematic? Breach of duty Which of the following interventions would be most appropriate? These brief decelerations are mediated by vagal activation. Further research is needed to determine the effects of variable decelerations observed in preterm fetuses on the short-term and long-term outcomes. C. Stimulation of the fetal vagus nerve, A. 7784, 2010. As the fetus develops beyond 30 weeks, the progressive increase in the parasympathetic influence on fetal heart rate results in a gradual lowering of baseline rate. This is likely to represent a variation of normal as accelerations may only be noted after 25 weeks gestation.Fetal heart rate decelerations are common at this gestation and is likely to represent normal development of cardioregulatory mechanisms. B. Baroreceptors; late deceleration D. 20, Which of the following interventions would best stimulate an acceleration in the FHR? C. Increased variable decelerations, Which of the following is not commonly caused by terbutaline administration? However, racial and ethnic differences in preterm birth rates remain. HCO3 4.0 The mother was probably hypoglycemic It is usually established in the fetal period of development and is designed to serve prenatal nutritional needs, as well as permit the switch to a neonatal circulatory pattern at . Complete heart blocks Fetal pulse oximetry was first introduced in clinical practice in the 1980s. 5 A. A. 243249, 1982. C. Narcotic administration Preterm infants have a remarkably different system of immune regulation as compared with term infants and adults. In the normal fetus (left panel), the . C. Administer IV fluid bolus, A. Several characteristics of FHR patterns are dependant on gestational age as they reflect the development and maturity of cardiac centres in the central nervous system as well as the cardiovascular system and, hence, differ greatly between a preterm and a term fetus. B. March 17, 2020. Base excess A. Polyhydramnios B. Bigeminal INTRODUCTION Normal human labor is characterized by regular uterine contractions, which cause repeated transient interruptions of fetal oxygenation. pCO2 28 C. Turn patient on left side B. T/F: Uterine resting tone may appear higher (25 to 40 mmHg) during amnioinfusion. 1, pp. C. Maternal. c. Increase the rate of the woman's intravenous fluid By increasing sympathetic response PO2 17 These mechanical compressions may result in decelerations in fetal heart resulting in early and variable decelerations, respectively. Umbilical cord blood gases were: pH 6.88, PCO2 114, PO2 10, bicarbonate 15, base excess (-) 20. The correlation between mean arterial blood pressure and tissue-oxygenation index in the frequency domain was assessed by using . However, studies have shown that higher fetal hemoglobin levels in preterm neonates did not affect cerebral rSO 2 or FTOE values[30,31]. C. Tachycardia, The patient is in early labor with pitocin at 8 mu/min, and FHR is Category I. C. 240-260, In a patient with oxytocin-induced tachysystole with normal fetal heart tones, which of the following should be the nurse's initial intervention? PCO2 72 C. Contraction stress test (CST), B. Biophysical profile (BPP) score 160-200 B. There are various reasons why oxygen deprivation happens. A. Fetal bradycardia Interpretation of fetal blood sample (FBS) results. Base buffers have been used to maintain oxygenation Fetal monitoring: is it worth it? II. C. Prepare for cesarean delivery, For a patient at 35 weeks' gestation with a BPP score of 4, select the most appropriate course of action. Categories . (T/F) An internal scalp electrode will detect the actual fetal ECG. A. B. Fetal heart rate decelerations in the absence of uterine contractions often occur in the normal preterm fetus between 20 and 30 weeks gestation. A. A. A. Onset time to the nadir of the deceleration 60, no. The mixture of partly digested food that leaves the stomach is called$_________________$. B. Negligence B. B. mixed acidemia In a normally grown fetus, acidosis in response to hypoxia could take up to 90 minutes to develop, however, in growth retarded or preterm fetuses, acidosis may develop more quickly, and one should therefore have a lower threshold for intervention. fluctuations in the baseline FHR that are irregular in amplitude and frequency. C. Suspicious, A contraction stress test (CST) is performed. C. Clinical management is unchanged, A. Late C. Damages/loss, Elements of a malpractice claim include all of the following except Preterm, immature neonates (sometimes born as early as 4 months preterm) respond to severe oxygen deficiency differently from the term neonates. A. The latter is altered secondary to release of potassium during glyocogenolysis in the fetal myocardium mediated through that catecholoamine surge, which occurs during hypoxic stress. 4. Premature ventricular contraction (PVC), Which is the most common type of fetal dysrhythmia? A. Usually, premature birth happens before the beginning of the 37 completed weeks of gestation. Labor can increase the risk for compromised oxygenation in the fetus. these decelerations have a lower depth and duration, but can be seen frequently on intrapartum CTG tracings [4]. Fetuses delivered between 3436 weeks, however, seem to respond more like term fetus, a feature that should be recognized by obstetricians. C. 4, 3, 2, 1 2009; 94:F87-F91. C. Vagal stimulation, While caring for a 235-lb laboring woman who is HIV-seropositive, the external FHR tracing is difficult to obtain. Interruption of oxygen transfer from the environment to the fetus at the level of the uterus commonly results from uterine contractions that compress intramural blood vessels and impede the flow of blood. For children with II-III degree of prematurity, respiratory failure (rhythmic surface breathing), which lasts up to 2-3 months of life, is characteristic. A. PCO2 72 Stimulation of the _____ _____ _____ releases catecholamines, resulting in increased FHR. Hence, a woman should be counseled that the risks of operative intervention may outweigh the benefits. Uterine overdistension 93% of these preterm births occur after 28 weeks, 6% between 2227 weeks, and 1% before 22 weeks. A. Continuing Education Activity. Uterine contractions produce transient decreases in blood flow to the placenta, which can lead . C. Prepare for probable induction of labor, C. Prepare for probable induction of labor. B. Preexisting fetal neurological injury Recent epidural placement C. 300 These are believed to reflect Rapid Eye Movement (REM) and non-REM sleep. True. Increased peripheral resistance C. Maternal hypotension A. Repeat in one week Adrenocortical responsiveness is blunted in twin relative to singleton ovine fetuses. pH 7.05 1993 Feb;461:431-49. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1993.sp019521. A. Preeclampsia Inability of a preterm or growth restricted fetus to mount a required stress response may lead to maladaptive responses resulting in permanent hypoxic insult on the fetal brain occurring at a lower threshold than in the term fetus. With advancing gestational age, there is a gradual decrease in baseline fetal heart rate [4]. B. Supraventricular tachycardia C. Polyhydramnios, A. Increased variables A. Decreases variability Both signify an intact cerebral cortex A. Second-degree heart block, Type I C. Use a Doppler to listen to the ventricular rate, A. Insert a spiral electrode and turn off the logic, *** The fetus responds to a significant drop of PO2 by A. what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation. Negative B. The aim of intrapartum continuous electronic fetal monitoring using a cardiotocograph (CTG) is to identify a fetus exposed to intrapartum hypoxic insults so that timely and appropriate action could be instituted to improve perinatal outcome. Premature atrial contractions (PACs) C. respiratory acidemia, NCC Electronic Fetal Monitoring Certification, Julie S Snyder, Linda Lilley, Shelly Collins, Medical Assisting: Administrative and Clinical Procedures, Kathryn A Booth, Leesa Whicker, Sandra Moaney Wright, Terri D Wyman, Global Health 101 (Essential Public Health), PMOIPH Lecture 10 (CH 9) -- Research to Policy. When coupling or tripling is apparent on the uterine activity tracing, this may be indicative of a dysfunctional labor process and saturation (down regulation) of uterine oxytocin receptor sites in response to excess exposure to oxytocin. 32, pp. Respiratory acidosis c. Fetal position B. These features include baseline fetal heart rate, baseline variability, and presence of accelerations and/or decelerations. A. 5 segundos ago 0 Comments 0 Comments The cardiotocograph (CTG) is a continuous electronic record of the fetal heart rate obtained either via an ultrasound transducer placed on the mothers abdomen or via an electrode attached to the fetal scalp. The number of decelerations that occur Patients 68 (41 males) small for gestational age (SGA) (birth weight <10th percentile) and 136 (82 males) appropriate for . The preterm birth rate rose 4% in 2021, from 10.1% in 2020 to 10.5% in 2021. Reducing lactic acid production Fetal heart rate accelerations are also noted to change with advancing gestational age. T/F: The parasympathetic nervous system is a cardioaccelerator. 5, pp. house for rent waldport oregon; is thanos a villain or anti hero A. This cut off value yielded a sensitivity of 81% and specificity of 100% to predict scalp pH of <7.2 [14]. C. Decrease BP and increase HR A. Fetal echocardiogram Predict how many people will be living with HIV/AIDS in the next two years. The dominance of the parasympathetic nervous system, Periodic accelerations can indicate all of the following except A. Decreases diastolic filling time Di 1,5-2 months of life expressed a syndrome of "heat release", marble skin pattern, cyanosis, rapid cooling, as well as edematous syndrome. A. Hypoxemia D. Respiratory acidosis; metabolic acidosis, B. The pattern lasts 20 minutes or longer A. Obtain physician order for BPP A. A. Fig. During labour, uterine contractions gradually build up and increase in intensity and frequency and may cause compression of the umbilical cord and/or the fetal head. A. Administer terbutaline to slow down uterine activity B. A balance between these two opposing nervous systems results in resting baseline fetal heart rate and baseline variability. B. In the noncompromised, nonacidaemic fetus, intermittent hypoxia results in decelerations with subsequent transient fetal hypertension [8]. C. Suspicious, A contraction stress test (CST) is performed. C. Administer IV fluid bolus. A. Idioventricular B. However, a combination of abnormalities or an observed deterioration in the features of the CTG should arouse suspicion of possible hypoxia and acidosis, even in this gestational group. B. A. B. Some triggering circumstances include low maternal blood . Preterm birth is when a baby is born too early, before 37 weeks of pregnancy have been completed. C. Lungs, Baroreceptor-mediated decelerations are Excludes abnormal fetal acid-base status A. The rationale of fetal heart rate monitoring in this cohort is to monitor the fetus in labour with an aim to identify intrapartum hypoxia and intervene if required. A. Crossref Medline Google Scholar; 44. Mecha- B. C. Variable, An appropriate initial treatment for recurrent late decelerations with moderate variability during first stage labor is B. pH 7.25, PO2 23, PCO2 46, HCO3 22, BE -8 B. Negative In the presence of a non-reassuring CTG trace, further testing in the form of fetal scalp blood sampling may aid in assessing fetal well-being. (T/F) An internal scalp electrode can solely diagnose a fetal dysrhythmia. During fetal development, the sympathetic nervous system that is responsible for survival (fight or flight response) develops much earlier than the parasympathetic nervous system (rest and sleep) that develops during the third trimester. True knot Within this group, fetal heart rate tracings will show many similarities to the 2426 week gestation cohort. B. B. Proposed Management Algorithm ACUTE for intrapartum fetal monitoring (CTG) in preterm gestations (<34 weeks). A. B. Maternal BMI 2. A. B. C. 10 B. B. Place patient in lateral position Premature atrial contractions (PACs) C. There is moderate or minimal variability, B. Fetal P a O 2 Peripheral chemoreflex Abstract A distinctive pattern of recurrent rapid falls in fetal heart rate, called decelerations, are commonly associated with uterine contractions during labour. A. More frequently occurring prolonged decelerations C. Can be performed using an external monitor with autocorrelation technique, C. Can be performed using an external monitor with autocorrelation technique, The "overshoot" FHR pattern is highly predictive of A. Acidemia B. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), High resting tone may occur with an IUPC because of all of the following except Premature atrial contractions Intermittent late decelerations/minimal variability eCollection 2022. 5. 4: Schematic presentation using oxygenation to optimize lung volume in preterm infants. PO2 21 A. C. 12, Fetal bradycardia can result during Hence, pro-inflammatory cytokine responses (e.g . T/F: Use of a fetoscope for intermittent auscultation of the fetal heart rate may be used to detect accelerations and decelerations from the baseline, and can clarify double-counting of half-counting of baseline rate. True. Zizzo AR, Hansen J, Peteren OB, Mlgaard H, Uldbjerg N, Kirkegaard I. Physiol Rep. 2022 Nov;10(22):e15458. Category II B. Rotation Low socioeconomic status Base deficit d. Decreased fetal movement, Which of the following does not affect the degree of fetal activity? Several additional tests of fetal well-being are used in labour, which include fetal blood sampling (FBS), fetal pulse oximetry, and fetal electrocardiograph (STAN analysis). As the neonatal outcome is largely determined by the gestational maturity and fetal weight, operative intervention is likely to increase maternal morbidity and mortality without significantly improving perinatal survival. A. A. A. Metabolic acidosis B. B. The initial neonatal hemocrit was 20% and the hemoglobin was 8. Chronic fetal bleeding A. Provide juice to patient Decreased FHR variability 34, no. A second transducer is placed on the mothers abdomen over the uterine fundus to record frequency and duration of uterine contractions. Before 30 weeks of gestational age, the frequency and amplitude of accelerations are reduced. B. C. Increased maternal HR, Which of the following is not commonly caused by nifedipine administration? Discontinue Pitocin Early deceleration C. Atrioventricular node A. Maternal hypotension This may also be the case when the normal physiological reserves of the fetus may be impaired (intra-uterine growth restriction, fetal infection). A. 239249, 1981. By Posted halston hills housing co operative In anson county concealed carry permit renewal At the start (A), airway pressure is low, and FiO 2 is high, indicating a high degree of atelectasis . The oxygen and nutrients subsequently diffuse from the blood into the interstitial fluid and then into the body cells. T/F: Umbilical cord influences that can alter blood flow include true knots, hematomas, and number of umbilical vessels. 609624, 2007. 20 min We have proposed an algorithm ACUTE to aid management. C. 30-60 sec, A woman who is 34 weeks' gestation is counting fetal movements each day. Respiratory acidosis D. Variable deceleration, With complete umbilical cord occlusion, the two umbilical arteries also become occluded, resulting in sudden fetal hypertension, stimulation of the baroreceptors, and a sudden _______ in FHR. Its dominance results in what effect to the FHR baseline? C. Notify her provider for further evaluation, C. Notify her provider for further evaluation, A BPP score of 6 is considered T/F: Contractions cause an increase in uterine venous pressure and a decrease in uterine artery perfusion. Preterm birth, also known as premature birth, is the birth of a baby at fewer than 37 weeks gestational age, as opposed to full-term delivery at approximately 40 weeks. b. Diabetes in pregnancy Respiratory acidosis C. Timing in relation to contractions, The underlying cause of early decelerations is decreased Despite this high rate of fetal acidosis, the short-term fetal outcome was good and in subsequent repeat blood-sampling pH values had normalized [5]. C. pH 7.02, PO2 18, PCO2 56, HCO3 15, BE -18, A. pH 7.17, PO2 22, PCO2 70, HCO3 24, BE -5, Which of the following is most likely to result in absent end diastolic flow during umbilical artery velocimetry? These flow changes along with increased catecholamine secretions have what effect on fetal blood pressure and fetal heart rate? B. Sinus arrhythmias B. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, electrolytes, urea, uric acid, fatty acids, fat-soluble vitamins, narcotics barbiturates, anesthetics, and antibiotics are transferred across the placenta via _____ _____. C. Polyhydramnios, Which of the following is not commonly affected by corticosteroids? Green LR, McGarrigle HH, Bennet L, Hanson MA. b. _______ is defined as the energy-releasing process of metabolism. Decreased blood perfusion from the fetus to the placenta Giussani DA, Spencer JA, Moore PJ, Bennet L, Hanson MA. Uterine contractions and/or elevated baseline uterine tone are the most common causes of interruption of fetal oxygenation at this level. E. Chandraharan and S. Arulkumaran, Intrapartum assessment of fetal health, in Current Obstetrics & Gynaecology, G. M. Mukherjee, Ed., Jaypee Brothers, 2007. C. E. East, S. P. Brennecke, J. F. King, F. Y. Chan, and P. B. Colditz, The effect of intrapartum fetal pulse oximetry, in the presence of a nonreassuring fetal heart rate pattern, on operative delivery rates: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial (the FOREMOST trial), American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. B. C. Mixed acidosis, pH 7.0 Excessive B. d. Uterine anomalies, Which of the following conditions is not an indication for antepartum fetal surveillance? 100 Stimulation of _____ results in abrupt decreases in FHR, CO, and BP. Continuous fetal heart rate monitoring in this group is recommended, following agreement with the patient. mean fetal heart rate of 5bpm during a ten min window. The predominance of variable decalerative patterns should initially reduce and disappear after 30 weeks gestation. A steel rod of length 1.0000m1.0000 \mathrm{~m}1.0000m and cross-sectional area 5.00104m25.00 \cdot 10^{-4} \mathrm{~m}^25.00104m2 is placed snugly against two immobile end points. Only used with normal baseline rate and never during decels; not an intervention, Which of the following pieces of information would be of highest priority to relay to the neonatal team as they prepare for an emergency cesarean delivery? Late decelerations are one of the precarious decelerations among the three types of fetal heart rate decelerations during labor. At how many weeks gestation should FHR variability be normal in manner? Interruption of the pathway of oxygen transfer from the environment to the fetus caused by a uterine contraction with reduced perfusion of the intervillous space of the placenta can result in a late deceleration (utero-placental insufficiency). A. B. D. 7.41, The nurse notes a pattern of decelerations on the fetal monitor that begins shortly after the contraction and returns to baseline just before the contraction is over. A. Fetal hemoglobin is higher than maternal hemoglobin Decreased The aim of intrapartum continuous electronic fetal monitoring using a cardiotocograph (CTG) is to identify a fetus exposed to intrapartum hypoxic insults so that timely and appropriate action could be instituted to improve perinatal outcome. It should be remembered that the physiological reserves to combat hypoxia are not as robust as a term fetus, especially, if the onset of preterm labour is secondary to an infective process. According to National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines on electronic fetal monitoring in labour, these features, which are present in labour, are further categorized into reassuring and nonreassuring as outlined in Table 1 below. A. A. Extraovular placement These types of decelerations are termed late decelerations and due to the accumulation of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions are more suggestive of metabolic acidosis [3]. The blood that flows through the fetus is actually more complicated than after the baby is born ( normal heart ). Late deceleration B. D5L/R By the 24th week, the fetus weighs approximately 1.3 pounds (600 g). The authors declare no conflict of interests. B. Acidemia Background and Objectives: Prematurity is currently a serious public health issue worldwide, because of its high associated morbidity and mortality. Today she counted eight fetal movements in a two-hour period. 5-10 sec T. Wheeler and A. Murrills, Patterns of fetal heart rate during normal pregnancy, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol. Despite the lack of evidence-based recommendations, clinicians are still required to provide care for these fetuses. A. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the following factors can have a negative effect on uterine blood flow? The main purpose of this model is to illustrate the kind of information that is needed to make further progress in this . D. Maternal fever, All of the following could likely cause minimal variability in FHR except C. Metabolic alkalosis, _______ _______ occurs when there is high PCO2 with normal bicarbonate levels. Consider induction of labor A. Decreases during labor B. Growth-restricted human fetuses have preserved respiratory sinus arrhythmia but reduced heart rate variability estimates of vagal activity during quiescence. Marked variability Fetal life elapses in a relatively low oxygen environment. C. Umbilical cord entanglement Premature ventricular contraction (PVC) This is interpreted as A. One of the hallmarks of fetal wellbeing is considered to be cycling of the fetal heart rate [3]. The nurse reviews the arterial gas results and concludes that the fetus had _____ acidosis. More likely to be subjected to hypoxia, ***A woman being monitored externally has a suspected fetal arrhythmia. B. Daily NSTs 200 Premature Baby NCLEX Review and Nursing Care Plans. (T/F) Sinus bradycardias, sinus tachycardias, and sinus arrhythmias are all associated with normal conduction (normal P-waves followed by narrow QRS complexes). B. Tracing is a maternal tracing Category II-(Indeterminate) FHR patterns may indicate problems in the oxygenation pathway but no clue as to severity/effect on the fetus. Good interobserver reliability High glucose levels lead to increased oxidative stress and activate caspase with consequent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which are in turn known to be involved in the pathogenesis of BPD. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the following factors can have a negative effect on uterine blood flow? a. Vibroacoustic stimulation C. Normal, If the pH is low, what other blood gas parameter is used to determine if the acidosis is respiratory or metabolic?